Notes, iii. 9—10. 211 



Whether men carry burdens preferentially on the left .shoulder, so as to bring the 

 ■right and stronger hand into play, or whether they rest . preferentially on the left leg, 

 I cannot say. But parrots, as I have shown elsewhere {Royal Med. Chir. Trans. 

 1871), stand as a rule on the right leg. Spiral shells are as a rule dextral. . • 



As to the remark in the text concerning the raising of the eyebrows, the Greeks appear 

 to have had much more mobile features, and to have studied facial expression more 

 closely than ourselves ; so that very possibly the statement taiay be a true one. The only 

 evidence I can find is furnished by a photograph by Duchenne of a young man simulating 

 grief ^nd arching his brows (reproduced in Darwin on Express, pi. ii, 2). The right 

 brbw is in this case very much more arched than the left. 



13. The kidneys of Mammals are imbedded in a tunica adiposa. 



14. The argument seems to be this. That fat is the result of concoction is sliown by 

 the fact that it float* on .water, this upward tendency being a proof of the presence of 

 heat in it ; and this heat cap only be accounted for by supposing it to be that residue of 

 heat which is always left in a fluid after concoction. ' Cf- ii. 2, 24. 



16. Cf. ii. 5, Note i. 



16, "So again the Creator placed only a small quantity of flesh in the joints'' of the 

 bones, that it might not interfere with the flexion of our bodies." — Timceus. 

 ■ 17. Auber and Wimmer say that this is true of rabbits; whether it is also true of 

 other animals! cannot say. 



18. ■ The layer of fat is not equally* spread -over all the surface of the kidney, at any rate 

 in man, but is accumulated especially upon the outer and inner borders. 

 ^19. A. is plainly speaking of some disease that is compatible with accumulation of fat, 

 and thit also is, at any rate sometimes, rapidly fatal. Such seems to be the case with 

 rot., "In this disease there is no loss of condition, but quite the contrary. For the 

 sheep in the early stages of rot has a great propensity to fatten " ( Youatt, Book of Farm, 

 ii. 386). Again the rot is sometimes "rapid in its course, and this season a large 

 number of sheep have been killed very quickly by it " {Gamgee, Pr. Counc. Rep. v. 240). 

 I need hardly say that A. 's view of the pathology of the rot is erroneous. He was 

 probably led to attribute the disease to the kidneys, from dropsical collections being a 

 common accompaniment of it. • ' ' . • 



. 20. The ox and the sheep, says John Hunter, hav6 more fat about the kidneys, the 

 loins, and within the abdomen, than most other animals {MUseum Cat.m. ^12). 



(Ch.lO. ) 1. Mammals alone have a perfect diaphragm- "Most of the Vertebrata, 

 however, exhibit something analogous to the diaphragm. Thus in fishes the muscular 

 septum dividing the cavity of the branchial apparatus from the abdomen bears a certain 

 resemblance to a diaphragm" {Todd's Cycl. ii. i). . In birds there is an imperfect diaphragm, 

 most fully developed in the ostrich. In reptiles also there is "a rudjmentary form of 

 diaphragm which arises as a broader thinner muscle than in birds from the vertebral 

 column and carapace, and is interposed between peritoneum and pleura, without however 

 meeting its fellow in the middle line from the opposite side " {Carus, Comp. An. 149), 



A.'s statement is then iii a certain sense true. The description, however, given farther 

 • on applies, only to the perfect diaphragm, viz. that of mammals, 



•2. The absprbed food was suppose'd to pass upwards from the intestine .through the 

 vessels in the form of a vapour. Cf. iii. 5, Note 5. ' 



3. "For the motion of the heat in blood destroys the sensory activity ".(ii. 10, ii). 



4. A. has plainly in his mind the views expressed in t"he Timceus. Plato held that man 

 had a triple soul • an intellectual soul, seated in the head ; a soul endowed with cpurage 

 and the nobler passions,. which had its seat in the thorax; and a third soul, to which 



