212 Notes, ill, 10 — 12. ■ ' 



belonged desire and.the grosser passions, which was located, in the belly. The diaphragm 

 served as a barrier to preserve the thoracic soul from the inroads of the "ravening beast" 

 below. ', . 



6. Cf. ii. 2, Note 6. 



6. A notion still commemorated in the anatomical terms "phrenic nerves" and 

 "phrenic centre." 



7. The qentral part of the midriff, which is tendinous, is the "cordiform tendon" of 

 modem anatomists. It is not easy to see why A. should say that the parts nearest the 

 ribs must of necessity be fleshier than the centre. I suppose he must mean, 'that, as the 

 flesh or muscle lies generally on the external aspect of the trunk, the part of the midriff 

 which comes nearest the outside will partake most of the character of that surface ; and 

 so be the most muscular. 



8. The anthropoid apes are sensitive to tickling, especially about the arm-pits, and may 

 be said to laugh. I have myself witnessed the fact in the case of the chimpanzee. 



9. When the diaphragm is suddenly ruptured, instant death usually follows, and the 

 fate is said invariably to assume the peculiar expression or grin, called Risus Sardonicus. 

 Cf. Did. d. Sci. Medic, ix. 214. . 



10. Iliad X. 557 ; Odygsey xxii. 329. In both places the reading is ^Beyyofxevov not 

 (pdeYyofievr). The works of Homer appear to have assumed in ancient times almost the 

 position of sacred books, and to have been quoted not merely as poetry, but as authori- 

 tative in matters of history and science. Lucian is pferpetually making fun of this absurdity. 



11. Prpbably meaning " armed " Zeus. So there was a temple of Here Hoplosmia 

 in the Feloponnesus (cf. Lidde/i and Scoii). ' ^ • . 



12. Cf. iii. 5, Note 2. ■' 



13. Cf. iii. 7, Note 8. . 



(Ch. 11.) 1. The pericardium and dura mater. 



2. This shows how far A. was from regarding the brain as an organ of no importance, 

 a mere spongeful of water, as Galen says. Cf. ii. 7> Note 27. 

 (Ch. 12.) 1. Cf. iii. 7,' Note 4. 



2. Cf. iv. 2, Notes 7, 8 ; iv. 3, Note i. 



3. And, in mammals, the lung {jFf. An. i.' 17, 7). 



4. The liver of mammals and birds is as a rule of a brown-ted colour. In reptiles it 

 inclines to a y^low hue ; and in fishes this yellow tint is often still more decided. Cf- 

 Cuvier, Le^ms, iv. 14. , 



5. " Foul," because the degree of yellowness is to A. a measure of the impurity which 

 the liver has to separate from the blood. Perhaps also with some reference to the views 

 of the soothsayers, who seem to have considered a pale liver to be an unfavouiable omen, 

 the lucky tint being the normal mottled red, the voikI\7\ tvfxop(pla of ^Eschylus ; in which 

 case "foul" would correspond to the " turpia exta" of Livy (xxvii. 26). 



6. Or perhaps " of a broad aval form;" ffTpoyyv\oi being the term applied to a 

 merchant vessel as distinguished from a ship of \var. ' 



7. The spleen * ' is broader at one end in the cow, reindeer, and giraffe than in other 

 fuminants" (Owen, Verteb. iii. 561). In thehbgit is elongated; so also in Carnivora 

 generally. In the Ungulata it is of proportionately smaller dimensioiis than in the 

 Carnivora, and in the horse is "elongated, flattened, broadest at the -upper end." A.'s 

 account so. far therefore fairly tallies with the facts. But as regards man his statement is 

 erroneous. For though the human spleen is very variable in shape as in size, yet it cannot 

 be said to be elongated in comparison. with that of other mammalia. I am. however by 

 no means certain that it is not more elongated in the foetus ihan in the adult. It appears 



