Notes, iii. 12 — 14. 213 



to be so in the drawings in Crisp on the Spleen. If so, this would be another argument in 

 support of the view that A. had dissected the foetus. Cf. i. 5, Note I. '■ 



8. A. seems to have been at a loss how to classify the pig. Here he reckons it with 

 the many- toed animal? in opposition to the animals with solid or cloven hoofs. In the 

 next chapter he separates . it from the many-toed, and puts it into \ separate division, 

 consisting of "those that have a cloven hoof, but yet have front teeth in both jaws," of 

 course in contradisfinction to the ruminants. In another place {H. An. ii, i, 3i)he says 

 the pig lies half-way between the cloven-hoofed and the solidungulates ; and in corrobora- 

 tion of this, states thai there are sometimes pigs with a solid hoof; an anomaly of which 

 instances do in fact occur not very rarely.* 



The foot of the pig has in reality four toes ;. but of these the tvo middle ones are much 

 longer and stouter than the others, and form a cloven hoof which is used by the animal in 

 walking.. The two lateral toes are also furnished with hoofs,, but are placed at some 

 distance above the ground, so as not to touch it. 



.(Ch. 13.) 1. I take the meaning to be this. '• Wherever there are blood-yessels there 

 must necessarily be either viscera or flesh ; for these are the means by which the blood 

 gets rid of its surplus material (cf. iii. 8, Note 2). As there are vessels both inside and 

 outside the trunk, so iTiere must be viscera or flesh inside and outside it ; and, the flesh 

 being without, the viscera are within. 



It is the viscera that exist " for the sake of the. vessels "" (cf. iii. 7,. Note 8) ; the flesh 

 that "cannot exist without them." Cf. iii. 5, Note 7. 



(Ch. 14.)" 1. i.e. in fishes. Cf. iii. 3, Note 2. 



2. Cf iii. 12, Note 8. .. ' 



3. The camel has in feet two incisor teeth in the upper jaw. But these are placed? 

 laterally close against the canines, so as to leave. a considerable vacant space in the front 

 of the mouth. Had A. known of the existence of these upper incisors, he' would not 

 have failed to find in their presence a striking confirmation pf his views as to the inverse 

 development of teeth and horns. Cf. iii. 2, 'Note 19. 



4. TJie argument is this. The presence of a multiple stomach and the absence of 

 upper incisors are inseparably united by correlation ; this being apparently one of those 



. laws of type (Cf. Introd. p. x) to which nature is obliged to conform her action. Nature 

 then, when she gave a multiple stomach to the camel, as the best instrument for the 

 digestion of hard food, was forced to take away the upper incisors, although the absence 

 of horns left sufficient matter for their production. The earthy matter, thus hot disposed 

 'of, was utilisec^ by her in the' formation of a hard palate, which to a great extent acts as , 

 substitute for the wanting teeth. 



5. Because flesh is the medium of tas'te. Cf ii. 10, Note .10. 



6. Not only in camels but in all ruminants the place of the upper incisors is supplied 

 by a hardened gum, against which the lower teeth bite ; and, in addition to this, 



. numerous hard papillae are developed from the buccal membrane. Along the roof of the 

 mouth, these run in parallel lines, being flattened and furnished with retroverted toothed 

 margins. They are very conspicuous in the camel. Cf. Owen, Vert. iii. 392. 



7. Cf. H. An. ii. 17, 8, and iv. 5, Note 34. 



8. Elsewhere {H. An. ii. 17, 28) fowls, doves, pigeons, and partridges are enumerated 

 . as having a crop. That the crop does in fact in part supply the place of a masticating 



mouth by softening the food is well known to bird-fanciers. If a pigeon be allowed to 

 swallow a number of peas, they will swell inside the crop to such an extent as almost t« 

 suffocate the bird. 



9. The oesophagus as a general rule is wide and dilatable in birds, " in correspondence 



