Notes, iii. I5^iv. I. 217 



3. This is erroneous. It is the fourth stomach that gives rennet. 



4. The thickness of milk, as explained va. H. A. iii, 20, 6, depends on the proportion 

 of cheese it contains as compared with the whey. The milk of ruminants is rightly 

 stated to contain much more cheese, i.e. caseine, than that of other animals. 



5. Hares "preferent les plantes, dont la seve est laiteuse." — Buffon. The leaves of the. 

 common Pinguecula contain a juice which has the power of coagulating milk, and is said 

 by Linn^^us to be used by the Laplanders in the fabrication of cheese. The juice of the 

 fig-tree is often mentioned as having this property, e.g. Iliad, v. 902 ; Columella, .vii. 8. 



6. There is no passage in the Problemata suiting this reference '; and the same may be 

 said of sundry other references made by A. to that treatise. The Problems,' if indeed 

 they be the genuine work of A. at all, have plainly dome down to us in a v6ry'mutilated 

 condition, Cf, Heitz, Die Verlor. Schri/t. d. Arist. p. 103.' 



BOOK IV. 



(Ch. 1,) 1, The stomach is not one of the viscera in A.'s sense. Cf. iii. 4^ Note I. 



2. Cf. iii. 8, Note 3. 



3. Cf. iii. 8, Note 2. 



4. Cf. iv. 5, Note 17. The argument is this. In animals that have urinary organs, 

 the urine is the channel through which not only superfluous water but earthy matter is 

 excreted, as is shown by the deposits which occuf in urine after standing. When there 

 is no urine, as in birds, the earthy matter is voided with the faeces, and forms the white 

 superficial substance seen on theip. I suspect that the last clause in the paragraph is an 

 interpolation. 



5. A. includes under Selachia all cartilaginous fishes, among which he erroneously 

 classes the Lophius (cf. iv. 13; Note '.5), All» these, he often says, with the exception of 

 Lophius, are ovoviviparous ; that' is, they retain their ova within the body, till hatched. 



. In some of these ovovivipara the embryo throughout remains free from all anatomical 

 connection with the mother, but in some, when'th'e nutriment supplied by the yelk is 

 exhausted, the embryo forms a connection with the parent's body(Z). G. ii, 4, 4; iii, 3, 9), 

 The latter part of this statement ' applies to certain sharks, which do in fact present 

 a rudimentary placenta. The former part of his statement is too wide a generalisation ; 

 for the oviparous dog-fishes and the rays present exceptions to the statement that all 

 A.'s Selachia are, as he says, ovoviviparous. Yet A. (/^ An, vi. 10, 9) was well 

 acquainted with the- eggs of the dog-fishes and the rays. The explanationseemsto.be 

 that he imagined that the young fish was fully developed in the ovum at the time when 

 this was first laid. It is however very doubtful whether this is the case, unless as an 

 exception. Cf. Meyer, Thierkundi, p. 281, 



The osseous fishes A. states to be all oviparous. This rule, however, is not without 

 exception ; e.g. the viviparous blenny. 



6. The multiple stomachs of ruminants were supposed by Aristotle to atone for the 

 deficient mastication due to the want of upper incisors. Cf. iii. 14,7. 



7. This is perfectly true; As regards the kidneys, cf. kymer Jones, An. Kingd. p. 

 709 : as regards the liver and lung, cf. M. Edwards, Lemons, vi. 427 ; ii. 309. 



