. 220- Notes, iv. 5. '. • 



viscera (iii. 7, Note 8) were one of the channels by which superfluous blood was 

 feliniinated. . . 



4. By the teeth are meant the two halves of the parrot-like beak ; by the tongue is 

 meant the odontopbore, of which the anterior part is free from spines and soft, and 

 probably serves as an organ of taste.. 



5. The "anterior teeth" are the strong shear-like mandibles ; which are called anterior 

 to distinguish them from the stomachal teeth preseittly to be mentioned. 'By the tongue 

 is meant the bifid lower lip, which has-been called a tongue by other writers than A., but 

 is not properly comparable to such an organ. Cf. Todd, Cycl. \: 773. 



6.* The tongue or odontophore forms a very remarkable organ in the Gasteropoda, but 

 there is none in the Conchifera or bivalves of Aristotle. 



7. Though, there is a "proboscis" in bees and flies alike, yet it has not exactly the 

 same origin in the two cases. In bees it is a development of the labium and maxillae, the 

 mandibles and upper lip taking no part in the formation and the formeir serving as biting 

 instruments. But in the Diptera it is a development ' of the labium, the remaining oral 

 elements being converted into setae, lancets, etc. These latter are the ^^ modified teeth'''' 

 of flies, as the mandibles are " the modified teeth " of bees. The insects that live on fluid 

 nutriment and have no teeth are the Lepidoptera,. in which the maxill?e-are converted into 

 a long proboscis, while the mandibles are quite rudimentary. 



8. The so-called "tongue" of insects 'is the upper portion of the labium, and is very 

 distinct in some species. In bees and flies the labium with this tongue goes to form 

 what A. calls their proboscis ; so that it is only in other insects, that have no such 

 proboscis,. that there is a tongue inside the mouth, corresponding to that instrument. 



It is evident that A. must have examined with much care the oral arrangements of 

 . insects ; and when we consider how difficult it is. without magnifying glasses to make 

 them out, we cannot but be struck with admiration at his considerable success in the 

 matter. • 



9. The words I have rendered "first treatise " are rendered "first book" by Frantzius. 

 He thinks that A. refers to a passage in what is usually reckoned as the secpnd book of 

 the De Partibus (ii. 17, 16), and argues from this that that second book is' really the 

 first, the book ordinarily called the first being misplaced and transplanted from thf 

 Historia Animalium. I cannot but think, however, that this view is erroneous, and that 

 A. is referring here to the Historia Animalium (iv. 4, 15), which is called the first treatise, 

 as forming the initial portion of his three great connected works on Biology. For 

 A. uses a similar expression later on in this chapter. (cf. Note 69), where the reference 

 can only be to the Historia, inasmuch as there is no passage in the second book of the 

 De Partibus bearing on the matter of which he is then speaking, viz. the position of the 

 mainspring of life in insects. 



Perhaps "our earh6r, or our initial discussions " wo^ild have been a better rendering 

 thkn " first treatise." For it is impossible to say with certainty whether these biological 

 treatises were regaj-ded by A. himself as distinct treatises, or whether they were not 

 considered by him merely as successive parts of a single work. 



10. i.e. tl^e homy jaws. I imagine that " Cochli " is used as a general term for most 

 marine gasteropods with spiral shells, and I have therefore rendered it by the vague 

 term "sea-snails." Some have thought that Planorbis and Limnaeus are meant. But 

 it is expressly stated (/T. A. iv. 4, 2J that Cochli are marine, not freshwater, animals. 



• IL A.'s account of the anatomy and habits of the Cephalopods has received a tribute 

 of 'praise from many writers. "Respecting the-living habits of the Cephalopods," says ■ 

 Owen, ** Aristotle is more tich in details than any other zoological author, and Cuvier 



