228 Notes, iv. 5 — 6. 



some or other Annelid with Scolopendra ; very probably, a Nereis or Aphrodite, as 

 Miiller suggests, an animal still called sea-centipede from its external resemblance to 

 the Myriapoda. 



71. Cf. iii. 5, Note 2. "They stir," says Lord Verulam, "a good while after their 

 heads are off, or that they be cut in pieces ; which is caused also for that their vital 

 spirits are more diffused throughout all their parts and less confined to organs than in 

 perfect creatures " (Sylv. Sylvarum, Cent. vii. § 697). 



72. There seems here an inkling of the truth that vegetative repetition is a mark of 

 inferiority. 



73. Cf. Note 8. 



74. A. includes the Myriapoda among Insecta. In most of these the alimentary canal 

 is a simple intestiniform tube, running in a straight line from mouth to anus. But 

 in some {e.g. Glomeris) the tube, though still simple, is convoluted. In many insects 

 the canal is a long convoluted organ, thick and muscular, and divided into a varying 

 number of distinct compartments. 



75. The stomach is very minute in such insects as the butterflies, that scarcely eat at 

 all ; but in those that live on coarse and indigestible materials it is proportionately 

 elongated and capacious {Rymer Jones, An. Kingd. p. 363). As to the intestine, its 

 length and convolutions are greatest in those insects that have a thick and largely 

 developed abdomen, especially if they are herbivorous (do. p. 362). 



76. Alluding to the so-called " rostrum " of Hemipterous insects. This is a suctorial 

 tube formed by the upper and lower lips, within which are the mandibles and maxilUe 

 converted into lancet-shaped needles. 



77. Most of our food does in fact go to maintain the heat of the body. 



78. The Cicadse really live on the juices of plants. But A. adopts the general belief of 

 the ancients. So Virgil, " Dumque thymo pascentur apes, dum rore cicadas." See also 

 Anacreon, Ode ^2) > Theocr. 4, 16 ; Pliny, xi. 32. 



79. The Ephemera of A. are usually supposed to be the insects still so named. There 

 are however no data for the determination. They are said {H. A. i. 5, 16) to have only 

 four legs, which is neither true of Ephemera nor of any other insects. Neither does the 

 account of their development {H. A. v. 19, 26) altogether suit the modern Ephemera. 



(Ch. 6.) 1. The following are the characters A. ascribes to his Insecta. i. They are 

 bloodless. 2. They show segmentation either on the dorsal or ventral surface or on both 

 {^H. A. i. I, 16). 3. They have a distinct head, thorax, and abdomen ; the thorax 

 however being in some {Myriapoda) formed of a number of separate segments, not fused 

 together {H. A. iv. 7, 3). 4. Their legs are numerous and in number proportionate to 

 the segments, excepting when the insect has wings (iv. 6, 2). 5. They present no distinct 

 differentiation of their substance into bonelike and fleshlike parts, but consist throughout 

 of an uniformly hard substance intermediate to bone and flesh (//. A. iv. I, 5). 6. They 

 are either without special organs for refrigeration, or have such below the junction of 

 thorax and abdomen (iii. 6, Note 4). 7. They are almost invariably land animals, 

 though with some exceptions ; and some are aquatic, when young, but terrestrial, when 

 adult {H. A. i. I, 17). 8. The females are larger than the males {H. A. iv. II, 9). 

 9. Their primary generative product is not an ovum but a scolex {Introd. p. xxvii). 



The 5th, 6th, and' 7th characters exclude Crustacea; for these have the soft parts 

 within and a harder part without, are aquatic, and sometimes have gill-like apparatus 

 for refrigeration in the thoracic or cephalic region (iv. 8, 7). Although A. thus distinctly 

 separated Crustacea from Insecta, the two were confounded again by after writers. Even 

 Lamarck at first included both under Insecta ; though later on (in 1 799) he separated 



