230 Notes, iv. 6. 



7. The Juli when alarmed coil themselves up in a spiral form, with the feet entirely 

 concealed. The Glomeridas roll themselves into a perfect ball. Not only long-bodied 

 insects, but some others, roll themselves up. For instance, the ant known as Myrm. 

 Latreillii is said by Sir J. Lubbock to do so. 



8. The description of the Canthari in the Hist. An. (v. 19, 18), where they are said 

 to roll dung into balls, in which they deposit their progeny, seems to identify them with 

 the sacred Scarabei of Egypt {Ateuchus sacer). Many beetles when touched assume 

 attitudes more or less such as here described. '* The common dungchaffer, when touched 

 or in fear, sets out its legs as stiff as if they were made of iron wire ; which is their 

 posture when dead ; and, remaining perfectly motionless, thus deceives," etc., etc 

 The pill-beetles " pack their legs so close to the body, and lie so entirely without motion 

 when alarmed, that they look like a dead body." Still nearer to A.'s description is the 

 action of certain caterpillars. " The body is kept stiff and immoveable with the 

 separation of the segments scarcely visible" {Kirby and Spence). 



9. Cf. iii. S, Note 2, 



10. Cf. ii. 16, 5 ; iv. 12, 4. 



11. Ants, bees, and Hymenoptera of all kinds, have biting jaws or mandibles. It 

 is these that A. calls their "modified" teeth (iv. 5, Note 7). These mandibles, 

 however, are not used merely or principally for the prehension of food, as stated in 

 the text, but "comme instruments de sculpture dans les travaux architecturaux de ces 

 animaux" {M. Edwards, Lefons, v. 520). 



12. The terminal segment of the scorpion is so shaped as to form a sharp uncinated 

 sting, under which are orifices giving issue to the secretion of a poison-gland. The 

 scorpion runs swiftly, arching its tail over its back, and turning it in all directions. 



13. This generalisation especially excited the admiration of Cuvier, who says that 

 it implies " un examen presque universel de toutes les especes." Mr. Lewes is more 

 sober in his estimate, and thinks that, though the generalisation is true, it was made 

 after examination of but few species, and that A. was thus right almost by accident. 

 That A. examined the greater number of species of Diptera, or indeed any considerable 

 part of them, is hardly consistent with his only mentioning in all his writings five kinds, 

 and giving such scanty account of these, that naturalists are unable to identify them 

 with certainty. 



14. The text gives Tory ffiirpoirdiv, i.e. "with the front part." The sense seems, 

 however, to require roiy 6vi(t0(v, and I have ventured so to alter it. If this 

 alteration be thought inadmissible, the passage must be rendered, "Weak as they are, 

 they have little power of striking even with the front part," implying that they would 

 have still less power to strike from behind. 



15. Here we have a distinct statement of the advantage of division of labour in the 

 animal body; a truth which Milne Edwards thought he was the first to enunciate. 

 *' Dans les creations de la Nature, de m6me que dans I'industrie des hommes, c'est 

 surtout par la division du travail, que ce perfectionnement s'obtient," and in a note he 

 adds, " Ce principe de physiologie generale qui aujourd'hui est adopte par presque 

 tous les zoologistes a ete formule pour la premiere fois dans un article que j'ai public 

 en 1827 " {M. Edtuards, Lemons, 1. 16). 



"Spit and lampholder in one," or, as perhaps it would better have been rendered, 

 "spit and candlestick in one," is in the Greek a single word, and so more forcible. 

 This strange implement with a double purpose is also mentioned in the Politics (iv. 

 ^5> 8), where A. likens to it a board of magistrates, chained with a multitude of 

 distinct functions ; such a body as our Boards of Guardians, with their poor-law. 



