Notes, iv. 9 — lo. 235 



the two elongated retractile tentacles are superadded by way of compensation " [Owen, 

 Led. i. 344). 



13. As A. speaks of the retractile tentacles of the Decapoda as " proboscides, " so 

 Owen [Led. i. 319) calls the proboscis of the elephant a * ' brobdignagian tentacle," 

 and states that the mechanical arrangement is very similar in the two cases. 



14. The Sepias in the Crystal Palace Aquarium have never been seen by Mr. Lloyd 

 {Field, Sept. i, 1876) to anchor themselves in the way described by Aristotle and by most 

 later naturalists. They use their " proboscides " to catch distant prey, darting them 

 out with great rapidity and precision, 



15. The "twining tentacles" are the long snake-like arms of the poulp ; not the 

 retractile tentacles of the Decapoda. C£ iv, 5, Note 14. 



16. These plaited instruments are mentioned by Hippocrates in his treatise on joints 

 {Kiihn^s ed. iii. 266). They are called " Saurse " by him; are said to be plaited 

 from some portions of the palm-tree ; and are recommended for use in dislocations of 

 the fingers. It was this same "Saura" that made its appearance in London a few 

 years back, and was sold as a toy under the name of the Siamese link. 



17. The poulp with a single row of suckers is some species of Eledone ; E. moschata 

 according to Frantzius, E. cirrhosa according to Owen, who takes the Bolitasna to be 

 the E. moschata on the ground that it is also called Ozolis by Aristotle {^H. A. iv. i, 27), 

 which name seems to allude to its strong odour. The poulps with double rows of 

 suckers include the Octopus vulgaris, which is excessively abundant in the Mediterranean. 

 This is the species which A. speaks of {^H. A. iv. I, 26) as the largest and the most 

 littoral. Besides it he speaks of other smaller spotted kinds, which are not edible, 

 without giving enough data for their identification. 



18. Cf. iv. 5, Note 5 ; Introd. p. x. 



19. The Octopodidse have in fact no body-fin at all. 



(Ch. 10.) 1. The viviparous animals, with blood, are of course our Mammalia. The 

 main characters noted by A. as belonging to them were these. They are sanguineous 

 animals, that produce their young viviparously, and without a previous internal ovum ; 

 the sexes are always distinct, and the offspring is attached to the inside of the mother 

 until its birth (/?<? Gen. ii. 4, 2), and afterwards is suckled by her {De Gen. ii. I, 28). 

 The male parent has testes, which are sometimes internal, sometimes external {De Gen. 

 i. 3, 4). They breathe air by a lung, the entrance to which is guarded by an epiglottis 

 (iii. 3, 10). They have neither feathers nor scales, nor scaly plates, but hairs in their 

 place {H, A.\\. i, 17). 



The groups recognised by A. appear to have been these : 



1. Bipeds, i.e. man. 



2. Animals intermediate to man and quadrupeds, i.e. apes {H. A. ii, 8, i). 



3. Quadrupeds ; again divisible into sub-groups. 



a. Fissipedous animals with teeth in front of both jaws, i.e. Camivora, Rodentia, 

 Insectivora, which are not distinguished by Aristotle ; Dermoptera, or bats, 

 which are sometimes spoken of by him as a distinct group, intermediate to 

 these and birds; elephants (ii. 1 6, 7); and seals, which are "stunted 

 quadrupeds " (ii. 12). 



/3. Cloven-hoofed animals, without upper front teeth, and with horns, i.e. Rumi- 

 nantia, in general. 



7. Cloven-hoofed animals, without either upper front teeth or horns, i.e. camels. 



5. Cloven-hoofed animals, with upper front teeth, and tusks, i.e. swine and 

 hippopotamus ; which latter animal Aristotle, who doubtless had never seen 



