236 Notes, iv. 10. 



it, erroneously supposed, on the authority of Herodotus (of. Introd. p. xvi, 

 foot-note I ), to have only two hoofed toes to its foot. 

 6. Solid-hoofed animals, i.e. Solidungula. 

 4. Apoda, i.e. Cetacea. 



2. i.e. Fishes. Cf. iii. 2. Serpents, though they have a lung, have no neck. This 

 exception, though not noted here, is dealt vi^ith in the next chapter. 



3. Cf. ii. 7, 7. 



4. Cf. ii. 10, Note 11. The brain requires (ii. 7, 9) a moderate degree of warmth, 

 as do all living parts ; but this must not be more than moderate, for ' ' the motion of the 

 heat of blood destroys sensory activity." 



5. The argument is this. " The stomach cannot be placed above the heart, for such 

 a position would be inconsistent with the dignity of the chief organ (cf. ii. 2, Note 6) ; 

 it must therefore be placed below it. But if the mouth were also placed below the 

 heart, the stomach, owing to the length of the oesophagus, would be removed so far 

 from the heart, that digestion, which is due to heat derived from the heart, would 

 not be possible." A. forgets that elsewhere (iii. 3, 2) he has said that the oesophagus 

 is only necessary, because there is a neck, and that, but for this, the stomach might 

 come immediately after the mouth. 



6. Cf. Intr. pp. xiv, xv. It is plain that A. was not himself acquainted with the lion ; 

 for nearly all his statements about its structure are erroneous. Here he says that it has 

 but one cervical vertebra ; a little later on he says it has but two dugs ; elsewhere that 

 its bones are without medullary cavity, etc. Moreover in one place {^H. A. ii. i, 33) 

 he uses the expression "the lion, as he is represented." Yet there were lions in his day 

 in Macedonia and North Greece, as we learn from Xenophon {De Venat. ch. xi. ), and 

 also from Herodotus (vii. 124-6). They were, however, rare {H. A. vi. 31, 2), and 

 confined to a small locality, so that the capture of one formed a notable event, as would 

 appear from the following passage : " The lame lion that was caught had many of its 

 teeth broken, from which some persons inferred that a lion lives for many years " 

 (H. A. ix. 44, 6) ; where it would seem that the writer is referring to some occurrence 

 so remarkable, that every one would understand his allusion. It will be observed, 

 however, that the author does not speak as though he had himself seen the captured 

 lion. Probably A. got such facts as he gives about lions from himters by hearsay. 

 Such clearly was the source of the account in the Hist. An. (ix. *14). As to the question 

 of the existence of lions in Greece in old times, see papers by Sir G. C. Lewis in 

 Notes and Queries, vol. viii. 



7. Such uses, for instance, as turning round quickly to guard the hinder part against 

 a foe (iv. 11, 18); picking up food from the bottom of the water, as do web-footed and 

 other water birds (iv. 12, 8) ; or catching prey at a distance, the long neck serving as 

 a fishing rod (iv. 12, ll). 



8. There are some perceptions, says A., that are peculiar to one sense, e.g. colour 

 to vision, hardness and temperature to touch, etc. But there are others not peculiar to 

 one sense, but appreciable by several, or at any rate by vision and by touch. Such are 

 motion, rest, number, figure, magnitude. These, then, are common sensibles, and that 

 which perceives them is the one common or general sense, of which the five senses are 

 special forms. Cf. D. A. iii. I and 2 ; De Som. 2 ; De Sens. 4, 20. 



9. Cf. iv. 9, Note 9. 



10. Cf. H. A. ii. I, 47-49. This statement as to the alteration that occurs in the 

 human body in the relative proportions of the upper and lower parts is correct. " After 

 birth, the proportions of the body alter in consequence of the legs growing faster than the 



