240 Notes, iv. lO. 



The semen, then, instead of being, as Hippocrates would have it, something which comes 

 from each and every part of the parent, is something which might have gone to each 

 and every part of the parent. 



To the semen of the male corresponds the menstrual discharge of the female ; but, in 

 accordance with the colder nature of females, their generative secretion is less concocted 

 (Z>, G. iv. 5, 8), and therefore retains a greater resemblance to blood. 



34. Elsewhere {H. A. ii. I, 46) sundry Carnivora are correctly stated to have a bone in 

 the penis ; the camel and stag to have no such bone, but a sinewy organ, also correctly ; 

 and man to have cartilage in the part, which chances to be true of some negroes. In no 

 other case however does the penis contain cartilage. As to the presence of sinew con- 

 ferring the power of contraction, cf. iii. 4, Note 20. 



35. A. erroneously held erection to be due to air, and not to blood {Probl. xxx. I, 13). 

 To air also was due the force of emission, '* for nothing can be thrown to a distance 

 without pneumatic force" {^H. A. vii. 7, l). 



36. The camel, the cats, and many rodents including the hare, are retromingent. 



37. Alluding probably, as Frantzius suggests, to the ossified tendons that occur in old 

 specimens of gallinaceous birds. 



38. True of all quadrupeds, this is especially true of elephants. "The structure of 

 his legs affords such support in a standing position, that reclining scarcely adds to his 

 enjoyment of repose; and elephants in. a state of captivity have been known for months 

 together to sleep without lying down. . . . Captain Dawson shot an elephant on the 

 banks of the Kalany Ganga. It remained on its feet, but so motionless, that after 

 discharging a few more balls he was induced to go close to it, and found it dead " 

 { Tennent, Ceylon, p. 106). Hence in all probability the erroneous belief that the 

 elephant could not lie down, but rested by leaning against a tree (ii. 16, Note 7). 



39. Cf. ii. 9, Note 8. 



40. The parts below mean here the hind-legs. 



41. A good description of the general characters of monkeys is given in the Hist. An. 

 (ii. 8). Three kinds are there distinguished : (l) the Pithecus, which has no tail, or only 

 a rudimentary one ; (2) the Cebus, which only differs from the Pithecus in having a tail ; 

 (3) the Cynocephalus, which is a larger, stronger, and more ferocious, species, with bigger 

 teeth and a face like that of a dog. These data are insufficient for exact identification. 

 Aubert and Wimmer however conjecture that the three species meant are Simla sylvanus; 

 some or other Cercopithecus ; and Cynocephalus Hamadryas ; all inhabitants of North 

 Africa. 



42. Cf. ii. 16, Note 5. 



43. For instance as an organ of prehension, as in monkeys ; a fly-flapper, as in cattle ; 

 an aid in turning, as in dogs ; "though the aid must be slight, for the hare, with hardly 

 any tail, can double quickly enough" [Darwin, Or. of Sp. p. 196), 



44. The bone by which the leg articulates with the ancle is known as the astragalus. 

 This varies much in shape in different animals. In the ruminants it is symmetrical and 

 biconvex, whereas in other animals it is of irregular form and convex only at the upper 

 end. It was only when it had the symmetrical biconvex shape that it was suitable for 

 use as a die ; and then only that A., who knew nothing of its homologies, recognised it 

 as an astragalus, just as it is only then that boys recognise it as a hucklebone. 



In the British Museum are several ancient Greek dice, or astragali. They are all 

 astragali of ruminants, either the bone itself or copies of the bone in various stones. So 

 in the marble group called " Astragalizontes " it is with the astragali of some ruminant 

 that the boy is playing. Amongst the Greek vases again is one representing the astragalus 



