44 THE ARTISTIC ANATOMY OF ANIMALS 



ness of the head of the ulna.* When the forearm is supin- 

 ated, the two grooves are found, on the other hand, one 

 beside the other : and the tendons which they contain are 

 very naturally in contact. 



In birds the forearm is flexed on the arm, and the latter 

 being directed downwards and backwards, the former is, 

 consequently, directed upwards and forwards. Further, 

 because of the position of the humerus, which, as we men- 

 tioned on p. 32, has its inferior extremit}' so turned that 

 the surface which is anterior in man becomes external, the 

 radius, instead of being outside the ulna, is placed above it. 

 This latter is larger than the radius, but its olecranon process 

 is very slightly developed. 



The Hand 



The hand in animals, as in man, is formed of three parts — 

 the carpus, metacarpus, and fingers. In man, the forearm 

 and the hand being described in the position of supination ; 

 the bones of the carpus are named in passing from the most 

 external to the most internal — that is to say, from that 

 which corresponds to the radial side of the forearm to that 

 which corresponds to the ulnar side. In animals in which, 

 as we know, but it is not unprofitable to repeat, the hand 

 is in pronation, the radial side of the forearm being placed 

 inside, we enumerate the carpal bones in counting the 

 most internal as the first ; this is the only method which 

 permits us, in taking our point of departure from the human 

 skeleton as our standard, to recognise the homologies of the 

 bones of the carpal region. 



These bones, eight in number, are arranged in two trans- 

 verse rows, of which one, the first, is superior or anti- 

 brachial ; the other, the second, is inferior or metacarpal. 

 Each of these rows contains four bones. Considered in 

 the order we have indicated above — that is to say, proceeding 

 from the radial to the ulnar side — they are thus named : 

 scaphoid, semilunar, cuneiform, and pisiform, in the first 



* Edward Cuyer, ' Shape of the Region of the Wrist in Supination and 

 Pronation ' (Bulletin de la Scciitc d'Anthropologie, Paris, 1888). 



