66 THE ARTISTIC ANATOMY OF ANIMALS 



Some veterinary anatomists have given to the inferior 

 and external articular surface of the humerus the name of 

 trochlea ; and to the internal one, that of condyle. On 

 this account they designate the external prominence as the 

 epitrochlea, and the internal one as the epicondyle. In 

 addition to the fact that this point of view is not legitimate, 

 it produces inevitable confusion when comparing the parts 

 with those of the human humerus, and this confusion exists, 

 not alone in describing the bone, but also in the description 

 of the muscular attachments, and in the comparison of the 

 muscles of the forearm of quadrupeds with the correspond- 

 ing muscles in the human species. 



The radius is placed in front of the ulna ; its body, 

 slightly convex forwards, has the anterior surface convex 

 transversely, and the posterior surface plane in the same 

 direction. It is to the external part of this latter that the 

 ulna is applied, which is completely fused with the radius. 



The superior extremity of the radius is a little larger than 

 the inferior. Its superior aspect, concavo-convex, moulded 

 on the inferior articular surface of the humerus, presents 

 internally two cavities, which receive the lips of the trochlea, 

 and, externally, another, smaller, cavity, which receives the 

 condyle. The radius articulates with the trochlea and the 

 condyle, having appropriated a portion of the ulna, as is 

 proved by the presence of the coronoid process, which belongs 

 to the former. This superior extremity presents, internally, 

 a tuberosity into which the biceps is inserted ; this is the 

 bicipital tuberosity ; and on the other side is another tuber- 

 osity, which is a little more prominent than the preceding. 



The inferior extremity, which is flattened from before 

 backwards, is furrowed on its anterior surface by grooves for 

 the passage of muscles (the names of the muscles whose 

 tendons pass in these grooves have already been given on 

 p. 43). It articulates at the lower end with the superior 

 row of the carpus, and it terminates laterally in tuberosities : 

 one, external, on which is found a groove for the tendon of 

 the lateral extensor of the phalanges, the homologue of the 

 special extensor of the little finger ; the other, internal, is a 

 little more prominent than the one we have just described. 



