OSTEOLOGY AND ARTHROLOGY 



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level of the head of the femur. The fibula is well developed ; 

 it is united to the tibia at its superior and inferior extremities 

 only. 



The foot, which, as in the case of the hand, rests on the 

 ground by the whole extent of its plantar surface, presents 

 five toes ; the shortest of these is the internal — that is, the 

 toe which corresponds to the great-toe in man ; the third 

 and fourth are the longest, and they are almost equal ; there 

 is a very slight difference in favour of the fourth, which is 

 slightly superior in dimensions to the third. 



Digitigrades : Cat, Dog (Fig. 34, p. 52 ). — The ex- 

 ternal iliac fossa, which looks outwards, is deep ; the iliac 



e.:^.c. 



Fig. 49. — Pelvis cf the Dog, seen from Above. 



X, Iliac crest ; 2, external iliac fossa , 3, sacrum ; AA.', bi-iliac diameter ; 



BB', bi-ischial diameter. 



crest is convex anteriorly, the convexity is continued from 

 one iliac spine to the other. 



In the dog, the distance which separates the anterior 

 iliac spines is less than that which separates the ischia 

 (Fig. 49). On a skeleton which we measured, the transverse 

 diameter, the distance from the anterior iliac spine of one 

 side to that of the opposite side, was 8 centimetres, whilst the 

 distance which separated the ischia was 105 millimetres ; 

 on another skeleton, the first measurement was 127 metres, 

 and the second was 146 millimetres. It seems to us unneces- 

 sary to multiply examples. 



In the cat, the iliac spines are but slightly marked ; the 



