94 THE ARTISTIC ANATOMY OF ANIMALS 



as in man, with this difference (which is easily comprehended), 

 that their general relations are changed on account of the 

 vertical direction of the tarsus. For example, the astragalus, 

 instead of being above the calcaneum, is situated in front of 

 it ; the cuneiform bones, instead of being situated in front 

 of the scaphoid, are found below it, etc. 



These animals have but four well-developed metatarsals ; 

 that which corresponds to the great-toe is represented merely 

 by a small style-shaped bone, situate at the internal part of 

 the region. 



Nevertheless, we find this toe fully developed in some dogs. 

 Notwithstanding this, the bones which form it are, however, 

 but rudimentary, and much smaller than those of the inner- 

 most digit of the fore-limb. 



Sometimes it is double ; this condition is demonstrable 

 in individuals belonging to breeds of large size. The median 

 metatarsals are more fully developed than the other bones 

 of the same region which are next them. Viewed as a whole, 

 the metatarsal bones are a little longer than the metacarpals ; 

 the result is that the distance which separates the tarsus 

 from the ground is a little greater than that which separates 

 the carpus from the plane on which the anterior limbs rest. 

 The length of the calcaneum still further exaggerates this 

 difference, and, as in the animals with which we shall occupy 

 ourselves later on, the projection which this bone forms is 

 distinctly higher than that which is produced by the pisi- 

 form. 



The metatarsus, as a whole, is a little narrower than the 

 metacarpus ; not only on account of the presence of a thumb 

 in the anterior limb, but, further, because the bones of this 

 latter region are wider than those of the corresponding part 

 of the posterior limb. 



The phalanges closely resemble those of the anterior 

 limbs. 



Unguligrades : Pig (Fig. 2^, p. 58). — The pelvis in 

 this animal presents a few of the characters which we 

 shall again meet with in the ruminants and the solipeds ; 

 however, the posterior (or internal) iliac spines are relatively 

 more widely separated from one another than in the latter. 



