OSTEOLOGY AND ARTHROLOGY 



109 



case of man the cranium is large, and the face relatively 

 small ; in animals the face is proportionally much more 

 highly developed. The measure of the facial angle permits 

 us to note these differences, and the figures relative to the 

 value of this angle are sufficiently demonstrative to induce us 

 to indicate those which are, in a general way, connected with 

 some of the forms in individuals which here occupy our 

 attention. In the first place, we must remember that the 

 angle in question is more acute, as the cranium is less de- 

 veloped in proportion to the facial region (Figs. 56 and 57). It 

 is especially to this character that we wish to draw attention. 



-80° 



Man 



Cat 



Dog 



Sheep 



Ox 



Ass 



Horse 



70 



28^ 



-25' 



20 



l8°-20° 

 I2°-l6° 



II°-I 



o 



Besides, in animals the cranium is very prominent 

 superiorly, and the face, more or less elongated, is sharpty 

 projected downwards and forwards ; in man the cranial region 

 occupies not only the superior, but also the posterior part ; 

 the face is short and of a compact form. The human head, 

 in its general aspect, may be compared to a sphere, while 

 the skull of the quadrupeds presents the aspect of a quad- 

 rangular p57ramid, with the base turned upwards and the 

 summit at the incisor teeth. 



Direction of the Head. — Before entering on the study 

 of the bones of the head, it is necessary, in our opinion, to 

 agree as to the position in which we shall suppose it to be 

 placed. 



The question may seem to be one of little importance ; 

 nevertheless, it cannot be regarded as indifferent, since 

 authors are not all agreed on this subject. 



Some suppose it to be placed vertically — that is, with the 

 incisor teeth turned directly downwards. Others, on the 

 contrary, suppose it to be placed horizontally, resting on tlie 

 whole length of the lower jaw, the face being then turned 

 upwards. These two extreme methods of arrangement appear 



