148 THE ARTISTIC ANATOMY OF ANIMALS 



side of the shoulder to be inserted into the internal surface 

 of the humerus ; this latter exists only in the dog and 

 cat. 



The most inferior fibres, behind, at the level of the 

 knee-cap form a triangular process which in the horse 

 receives the name of the stifle fold, from the name 

 veterinarians give to the region of the articulation of the 

 knee. This fold of skin, which commences on the antero- 

 internal surface of this region, is directed upwards, and 

 then forw^ards, to end by gradually disappearing over the 

 corresponding part of the abdomen. 



In the same animal the muscular fibres of the panniculus 

 of the trunk arise along a line which connects the stifle-joint 

 to the withers, a line which is, consequently, oblique up- 



FiG. 71. — Myology of the Horse : Panniculus IMuscle of the Trunk. 



wards and forwards. Now, as the fleshy layer is thicker 

 than the aponeurosis, the result is that the mode of con- 

 stitution of this muscle can be recognised under the skin. 

 Indeed, we can see in some animals, occasionally very dis- 

 tinctly, a slight elevation starting from the region of the 

 abdomen in the neighbourhood of the knee, and thence 

 directed obliquely upwards and forwards. This elevation 

 is produced by the fleshy portion of the panniculus. 



In the carnivora, the panniculus of the trunk is not 

 attached to the supraspinous ligament ; it is blended with 

 the same muscle of the opposite side, passing over the 

 spinous region of the vertebral column. 



From this arrangement results a great mobility of the 

 skin which covers the back. Further, it explains why it is 



