158 THE ARTISTIC ANATOMY OF ANIMALS 



also find take place in the horse in pacing, especially in 

 the region of the neck and head, seem then to have the 

 effect of aiding the progression of the body forwards. 



They occur especially in animals when drawing a heavy 

 load, and in individuals whose walking movements are 

 executed with difficulty. 



It is necessary to repeat that, in these cases, the individual 

 appears to assist the movement of his body by the impetus 

 which the projection of his head forward determines, in 

 order to add — and it is for this that we have referred to the 

 subject — that during the intervals between each projection 

 the head is carried backwards by a muscular contraction 

 similar to that above discussed. 



The Splenius (Fig. 68, 14 ; Fig. 70, 22). — In man, this 

 muscle is attached in the median line to the inferior half 

 or two-thirds of the posterior cervical ligament, to the 

 spinous processes of the seventh cervical, and four or five 

 upper dorsal vertebrae ; it passes obliquely upwards and out- 

 wards, becomes visible in the supraclavicular region, passes 

 under the sterno-cleido-mastoid, and proceeds to duplicate 

 the cranial insertions of this latter ; and, further, the most 

 external fasciculi of this muscle are inserted into the trans- 

 verse processes of the atlas and the axis. 



These separate superior attachments, and the division of 

 the muscle which results, have caused the splenius to be 

 regarded as formed of two portions : splenius of the head, 

 and splenius of the neck. 



In the horse, this muscle, which is of voluminous dimen- 

 sions, arises from the superior cervical ligament, and the 

 spinous processes of the first four or five dorsal vertebrae ; 

 thence it proceeds to be inserted into the mastoid crest, 

 and the transverse processes of the atlas and three or four 

 vertebrae following. 



The region occupied superficially by the splenius is re- 

 markable for the prominence which this muscle, with the 

 deeply-seated complexus, which is equally bulky, deter- 

 mines at this level ; it is situated above that region of the 

 neck, in which are seen in part the fasciculi of the levator 

 anguli scapulae. It terminates above and in front in the 



