i62 THE ARTISTIC ANATOMY OF ANIMALS 



Panniculus of the Neck, — This very thin muscle, which 

 cannot be recognised on the exterior, calls for little notice. 



We shall merely point out that it duplicates the skin of the 

 cervical region ; but as the latter is only slightly adherent to 

 it, the panniculus of this region seems rather destined to 

 maintain in position the muscles which it covers than to dis- 

 place the cutaneous covering. 



We recall the fact that in man, on the contrary, the muscle 

 is very evident at the instant of its contraction, and, for this 

 reason, it presents a very great interest with regard to 

 external modelling, and it plays an important part in the 

 expression of the physiognomy. 



MUSCLES OF THE ANTERIOR LIMBS 

 Muscles of the Shoulder 



Deltoid (Fig. 68, i6, 17 ; Fig. 69, 18 ; Fig. 70, 24). — This is 

 the first muscle we study in connection with the shoulde r in 

 human anatomy. Indeed, its wholly superficial position, and 

 especially the manner in which it is separated from the sur- 

 rounding muscles, its volume, and its characteristic modelling, 

 give it such an importance that, from the didactic point of 

 view, there is every indication for commencing with this 

 muscle in studying the region to which it belongs. If, in 

 regard to quadrupeds, we also commence with it, it is merely 

 in deference to the spirit of method, and for the sake of sym- 

 metry ; for it is far from presenting, in the latter, characters 

 so distinctive and so clearly defined. 



It is necessary to remark, at the outset, that in quad- 

 rupeds, on account of the absence or slight development of 

 the clavicle, the clavicular portion of this muscle is, as we 

 have shown, united to bundles of the same kind belonging 

 to the stemo-cleido-mastoid and trapezius to form the mas- 

 toido-humeral (see p. 151). There exists, therefore, in an 

 independent form, the scapular portion only. 



It is this latter which, by itself alone, forms the deltoid of 

 quadrupeds, a muscle known, in veterinary anatomy, as the 

 long abductor of the arm. 



