MYOLOGY 175, 



are fused together, we should not gain any advantage ; this 

 position being never completely realizable even in those- 

 quadrupeds which have the radius relatively movable^as,. 

 for example, in the cat. 



Accordingly, it is pronation which here, in connection. 

 with animals, becomes the standard attitude from the point 

 of view of description. This is why, supposing that the 

 reader knows well the muscles of the human forearm in the- 

 position of supination, we should recall what is the general 

 arrangement occupied by these muscles when it is in prona- 

 tion. 



The fore-limb, being viewed on its anterior surface, pre- 

 sents above the anterior aspect of the region of the elbow ;. 

 but below, it is the posterior surface of the wrist which is 

 seen. Consequently, in the superior part, we see the ex- 

 ternal and anterior muscles limiting the hollow in front of 

 the elbow ; inferiorly are found the posterior muscles. 



The long supinator, passing obliquely downwards and 

 inwards, divides, in fact, the forearm into two parts : one 

 supero-internal, the other infero-external. In the first we 

 see, but to an extent less and less considerable, the pro- 

 nator teres, the flexor carpi radialis, the palmaris longus, 

 and the flexor ulnaris ; as to the flexors of the digits, on 

 account of the rotation of the radius, they are only visible on 

 the opposite surface — that is to say, on the surface of the 

 wrist, which is now posterior. In the second part we see the 

 two radial extensors, the common extensor of the fingers, 

 the proper extensor of the little finger, and the ulnar extensor 

 which, inferiorly, remains behind, by reason of the position 

 of the ulna being unchanged, whilst the anconeus is wholly 

 posterior, since the direction of the elbow is not modified.. 

 We also find, in this region, the long abductor of the thumb, 

 the short extensor of the thumb, the long extensor of the 

 thumb, and the special extensor of the index-finger, in the 

 region where these deep muscles become superficial. 



So that, to summarize, the external and posterior muscles 

 occupy the anterior and external regions of the forearm, 

 whilst the anterior muscles occupy rather the internal and 

 posterior. It is in regarding them after this manner — that 



