QUADRUPEDS. 315 



fkie hog, &c. we still find individuals in a state of nature, 

 and which have not submitted to man. But the whole spe- 

 cies of the camel is enslaved ; for none of them exist in 

 their primitive state of liberty and independence. Lastly, 

 he is the most laborious slave, because he has never been 

 nourished for pomp, like most horses, nor for amusement, 

 like most dogs, nor for the use of the table, like the ox, tha 

 hog, and the sheep ; because he has always been made a 

 beast of burden, whom men have never taken the trouble 

 of yoking in machines, but have regarded the body of the 

 animal as a living carriage, which they may load or over- 

 load, even during sleep ; for when pressed, the load is some- 

 times not taken off, but the animal lies down under it, with 

 his legs folded, and his body resting on his stomach." 



There are two species of camel. The Bactrian species, 

 or camel properly so called {Camelus Bactrianus), is cha- 

 racterized by a couple of humps, — one on the rump, and 

 another above the shoulders. It is an Asiatic animal, and 

 is said still to roam wild in the desert of Shamo, on the fron- 

 tiers of China. It is capable of being acclimated, without 

 much difficulty, in comparatively northern countries, and 

 was introduced into Tuscany by the Grand Duke Leopold, 

 where it still breeds in the maremmas of the Pisan territory 

 It has, however, neither spread over the country, nor be- 

 come at all extensively useful for the general purposes of 

 rural labour. This is chiefly attributed to the improvident 

 calculations of the minister Salviati, who, on their first in- 

 troduction demanded about a thousand francs a-piece from 

 such as inclined to purchase these animals for the sake of 

 extending the breed. They are frequently seen in the 

 streets of Pisa, carrying firewood, or other articles of do- 

 mestic consumption, from the present Grand Duke's farms., 

 It is this species which is employed in Thibet and Tur- 

 kistan. 



The other species of camel (C dromedarius) has only a 

 single hump on its back. It has spread from Arabia all over 

 the northern parts of Africa, and has long been essential to 

 the commerce of those dry and desert regions. It is also 

 found in Syria, Persia, &c., and was known under the 

 name of Arabian camel to the ancient writers. The term 

 dromedary (from the Greek Spondi)^ originally applied to a 

 variety of this species, remarkable for its swiftness, as the 



