BOOK XI. Lxv. 174-LXV11. 178 



With all the other speeies the tip of the tongue ?'*»<'. 

 is the seat of taste, but with man this is also situated 

 in the palate. 



LX\^I. Man has tonsils, the pig glands. Man TonsUs, 

 alone has what is called the uvula hanging from the w^i^pipe 

 back of the palate between the tonsils. No oviparous ?«''*''• 

 species possesses the lesser tongue " below the 

 uvula. Its functions are twofold, placed as it is 

 between two tubes. Of these the inner one called 

 the windpipe stretches to the lungs and the heart ; 

 tbis the lesser tongue closes Avhile food is being 

 eaten, as breath and voice passes along it, lest if 

 drink or food should pass into the wrong channel, 

 it might cause pain. The other, the outer tube, is 

 of course called the guUet, down which food and 

 drink fall ; this leads to the stomach, and the 

 stomach to the abdomen. This passage the lesser 

 tongue occasionally closes, when only breath or 

 voice is passing, so that an untimely rising of the 

 stomach may not interfere. The windpipe consists 

 of gristle and flesh, the gullet of sinew and flesh. 



LXVII. No species except those possessing both Tkenape. 

 vvindpipe and gullet have a nape ; all the others, 

 which have only a gullet, have a neck. But in those 

 possessing a nape it is composed of a number of 

 bones articulated in rings with jointed vertebrae, 

 so as to be capable of bending to look round ; only 

 in the lion and wolf and hyena is it a stiff structure 

 of a single straight bone. Moreover it is connected 

 with the spine, and the spine with the loins, in a 

 bony but rounded structure, the marrow passing 

 down from the brain through the orifices in the 

 vertebrae. It is inferred that the spinal cord is of 

 the same substance as the brain for the reason that, 



543 



