BOOK XI. cx. 263-cxn. 266 



two passages from the kidneys to the genitals. 

 Buzzards have three. In man only they may be 

 crushed owing to an injury or from natural causes," 

 and this forms a third class, in distinction from 

 hermaphrodites and eunuchs, the impotent. In 

 every species except leopards and bears the mares 

 are the stronger. 



CXI. Almost all species except man and monkeys, The tan. 

 both the viviparous and the oviparous, have tails 

 corresponding to the requirements of their bodies, 

 bare with the hairy species, hke boars, small with the 

 shaggy ones, hke bears, very long with the bristly, 

 Hke horses. With Hzards and snakes when cut ofF 

 they grow again. The tails of fishes steer their 

 winding courses after the manner of a rudder, 

 and even serve to propel them Hke a sort of oar by 

 being moved to the right and left. Actual cases of 

 two taib are found in Hzards. Oxen's tails have a 

 very long stem, with a tuft at the end, and in asses 

 it is longer than in horscs, but it is bristly in beasts 

 of burden. A Hon's tail is shaggy at the end, as with 

 oxen and shrew-mice, but not so with leopards; 

 foxes and wolves have a hairy tail, as have sheep, 

 with which it is longer. Pigs curl the tail, dogs of 

 low breeds keep it between their legs. 



CXII. Aristotle thinks that only animals with r/u; io»«, 

 lungs and windpipe, that is those that breathe, 

 possess a voice ; and that consequently even insects 

 make a sound,* but have not a voice, the breath 

 passing inside them and making a sound when shut 

 up there, and that some, as bees, give out a buzz, 

 others, as grasshoppers, a brief hiss, because the 

 breath is received in two hoHows under the chest and 

 encountering a movable membrane inside makes 



599 



