274 BIOLOGY AND ITS MAKERS 



hibits the same properties. The qualities of contractility and 

 irritability were especially indicated. It was on physiological 

 likeness, rather than on structural grounds, that he formed 

 his sweeping conclusions. He showed also that sarcode 

 agreed in physiological properties with protoplasm in plants, 

 and that the two living substances were practically identical. 

 His paper of 1861 considers the living substance in muscles 

 (Ueber Muskelkor perchen und das was man eine Zelle zu 

 nennen habe), but in this he had been partly anticipated by 

 Ecker who, in 1849, compared the " formed contractile sub- 

 stance" of muscles with the "unformed contractile substance" 

 of the lower types of animal life (Geddes). 



The clear-cut, intellectual face of Schultze (Fig. 8>8) is 

 that of an admirable man with a combination of the artistic 

 and the scientific temperaments. He was greatly interested 

 in music from his youth up, and by the side of his microscope 

 was his well-beloved violin. He was some time professor in 

 the University of Halle, and in 1859 went to Bonn as pro- 

 fessor of anatomy and director of the Anatomical Institute. 

 His service to histology has already been spoken of (Chapter 

 VIII). 



This astute observer will have an enduring fame in 

 biological science, not only for the part he played in the 

 development of the protoplasm idea, but also on account of 

 other extensive labors. In 1866 he founded the leading 

 periodical in microscopic anatomy, the Archiv jiir Mikro- 

 scopische Anaiomie. This periodical was continued after 

 the untimely death of Schultze in 1874, and to-day is one of 

 the leading biological periodicals. 



It is easy, looking backward, to observe that the period 

 between 1840 and i860 was a very important one for modern 

 biology. Many new ideas were coming into existence, but 

 through this period we can trace distinctly, step by step, the 

 gradual approach to the idea that protoplasm, the living 



