CONTENTS xiii 



PAGE 



of animals proceeded from the organism to organs, from organs 

 to tissues, from tissues to cells, the elementary parts, and finally 

 to protoplasm, 139-140. The physiological side had a par- 

 allel development, 140. 



CHAPTER \TI 



CUVIER AND THE RiSE OF COMPARATIVE AnATOMY, . . . . I4I 



The study of internal structure of living beings, at first merely de- 

 scriptive, becomes comparative, 141. Belon, 141. Severinus 

 writes the first book devoted to comparative anatomy in 1645, 



143. The anatomical studies of Camper, 143. John Hunter, 



144. Personal characteristics, 145. His contribution to prog- 

 ress, 146. Vicq d'Azyr the greatest comparative anatomist 

 before Cuvier, 146-148. Cuvier makes a comprehensive study 

 of the structure of animals, 148. His birth and early education, 

 149. Life at the sea shore, 150. Six years of quiet study and 

 contemplation lays the foundation of his scientific career, 150. 

 Goes to Paris, 151. His physiognomy, 152. Comprehensiveness 

 of his mind, 154. Founder of comparative anatomy, 155. His 

 domestic life, 155. Some shortcomings, 156. His break with 

 early friends, 156. Estimate of George Bancroft, 156. Cuvier's 

 successors: Milne-Edwards, 157; Lacaze-Duthiers, 157; Rich- 

 ard Owen, 158; Oken, 160; J. Fr. Meckel, 162; Rathke, 163; 

 J. Miiller, 163; Karl Gegenbaur, 164; E. D. Cope, 165. Com- 

 parative anatomy a rich subject, 165. It is now becoming exper- 

 imental, 165. 



CHAPTER Vni 



BiCHAT AND THE BiRTH OF HISTOLOGY, 1 66 



Bichat one of the foremost men in biological history. He carried the 

 analysis of animal organization to a deeper level than Cuvier, i66. 

 Buckle's estimate, i66. Bichat goes to Paris, 167. Attracts at- 

 tention in Desault's classes, 167. Goes to live with Desault, 168. 

 His fidelity and phenomenal industry, 168. Personal appear- 

 ance, 168. Begins to publish researches on tissues at the age of 

 thirty, 170. His untimely death at thirty-one, 170. Influence 

 of his writings, 170. His more notable successors: Schwann, 

 171; Koelliker, a striking figure in the development of biology, 

 171; Max Schultze, 172; Rudolph Virchow, 174; Leydig, 175; 

 Ramon y Cajal, 176. Modern text-books on histology, 177. 



