xxii CONTENTS 



PAGE 



CHAPTER XX 



Retrospect and Prospect. Present Tendencies in Biology, . 434 



Biological thought shows continuity of development, 434. Character 

 of the progress — a crusade against superstition, 434. The first 

 triumph of the scientific method was the overthrow of authority, 

 435. The three stages of progress — descriptive, comparative, ex- 

 perimental, 435. The notable books of biology and their authors, 

 435-437. Recent tendencies in biology: higher standards, 437; 

 improvement in the tools of science, 438; advance in methods, 

 439; experimental work, 439; the growing interest in the study 

 of processes, 440; experiments applied to heredity and evolution, 

 to fertilization of the egg, and to animal behavior, 440, 441. Some 

 tendencies in anatomical studies, 442. Cell-lineage, 442. New - 

 work on the nervous system, 443. The application of biological 

 facts to the benefit of mankind, 443. Technical biology, 443. 

 Soil inoculation, 444. Relation of insects to the transmission of 

 diseases, 444. The food of fishes, 444. The establishment and 

 maintenance of biological laboratories, 444. The station at 

 Naples, 444. Other stations, 446. The establishment and main- 

 tenance of technical periodicals, 446. Explorations of fossil 

 records, 447. The reconstructive influence of biological prog- 

 ress, 448. 



READING LIST, 449 



I. General References, 449-451. II. Special References, 451-460. 



