372 BIOLOGY AND ITS MAKERS 



during the French Revolution, everything that was suggestive 

 of rovaltv l)ecame o!)noxious to the people, it was Lamarck 

 who suggested in 1790 that the name of the King's Garden 

 be changed to that of the Botanical Garden {Jardin des 

 Plantes). The Royal Garden and the Cabinet of Natural 

 History were combined, and in 1793 the name Jardin des 

 Plantes pro})Osed by Lamarck was adopted for the in- 

 stitution. 



It was through the endorsements of Lamarck and Geoffroy 

 Saint-Hilaire that Cuvier was brought into this great scientific 

 institution; Cu\ier, who was later to be advanced above him 

 in the Jardin and in public fa\-or, and who was to break 

 friendship \\\{\\ Lamarck and become the opponent of his 

 views, and who also was to engage in a memorable debate 

 with his other supporter, Saint-Hilaire. 



The portrait of Lamarck shown in Fig. 112 is one not 

 generally known. Its date is undetermined, but since it was 

 published in Thornton's British Plants in 1805, v/e know 

 that it was painted before the publication of Lamarck's 

 PJiilosopJiic Zoologiqiie, and before the full force of the cold- 

 ness and heartless neglect of the world had been experienced. 

 In his features we read supremacy of the intellect, and the 

 unflinching moral courage for which he was notable. La- 

 marck has a more hopeful expression in this portrait than in 

 those of his later years. 



Lamarck Changes from Botany to Zoology. — Lmtil 1794, 

 when he was fiftv vcars of cH^q, Lamarck was de\'oted to 

 botany, but on Ijeing urged, after the reorganization of the 

 Jardin du Roi, to take charge of the department of inverte- 

 brates, he finally consented and changed from the study of 

 plants to that of animals. This change had profound in- 

 fluence in shaping his ideas. He found the invertebrates in 

 great confusion, and set about to bring order out of chaos, 

 an undertaking in which, to his credit be it acknowledged, 



