RECENT TENDENCIES IN BIOLOGY 437 



Darwin's Origin oj Species, 1S59, is, from (xir {jrcscnt 

 outlook, the greatest classic in biology. 



Pasteur's Studies on Fermentation, 1876, is typical of the 

 quality of his work, though his later investigations on in- 

 oculations for the prevention of hydrophobia and other 

 maladies are of greater importance to mankind. 



li is somewhat puzzling to select a man to represent the 

 study of fossil life, one is tempted to name E. D. Cope, 

 whose researches were conceived on the highest plane. 

 Zittel, however, covered the entire field of fossil life, and his 

 Handbook oj PalcEontology is designated as a mile-post in the 

 development of that science. 



Before the Renaissance the works of Aristotle and Galen 

 should be included. 



From the view-point suggested, the more notable figures in 

 the development of biology are: Aristotle, Galen, \'esalius, 

 Harvey, Malpighi, Linnaeus, Wolff, Cuvier, Bichat, Lamarck, 

 Von Baer, J. IMiiller, Schwann, Schultze, Darwin, Pasteur, 

 and Cope. 



Such a list is, as a matter of course, arbitrary, and can 

 serve no useful purpose except that of bringing into com- 

 bination in a single group the names of the most illustrious 

 founders of biological science. The individuals mentioned 

 are not all of the same relative rank, and the list should be 

 extended rather than contracted. Schwann, when the entire 

 output of the two is considered, would rank lower as a scien- 

 tific man than Koclliker, who is not mentioned, but the 

 former must stand in the list on account of his connection 

 with the ccll-theorv. Mrchow, the presumptive founder of 

 pathology, is omitted, as are also investigators like Koch, 

 whose line of activity has been chiefly medical. 



Recent Tendencies in Biology. Higher Standards. — In 

 attempting to indicate somic of the more e\ident intlucnces 

 that dominate biological investigation at tlie present time, 



