183 



SCIENTIFIC SIDE-LIGHTS 



EH- 



be a horse inside,' called out the peasants to 

 X after their spiritual shepherd had spent 

 hours in explaining to them the construc- 

 tion of the locomotive. With a horse inside 

 truly everything becomes clear, even tho it 

 be a queer enough sort of horse the horse 

 itself calls for no explanation! Phrenology 

 takes a start to get beyond the point of view 

 of the ghostlike soul entity, but she ends by 

 populating the whole skull with ghosts of 

 the same order." [Quoted from Lange, 

 " Geschichte des Materialismus," 2d ed., vol. 

 ii, p. 345.] JAMES Psychology, vol. i, ch. 2, 

 p. 29. (H. H. & Co., 1899.) 



894. DOGMA DANGEROUS TO DIS- 

 PUTE Air in Arteries of the Dead Therefore 

 of the Living The Liver a Manufactory of 

 Blood. The fact that air is generally found 

 in the arteries of dead bodies, which indeed 

 only penetrates in the moment in which the 

 vessels are cut, led the ancients to the be- 

 lief that air is also present in the arteries 

 during life. The veins only remained then 

 in which blood could circulate. It was be- 

 lieved to be formed in the liver, to move 

 from there to the heart, and through the 

 veins to the organs. Any careful observa- 

 tion of the operation of blood-letting must 

 have taught that, in the veins, it comes 

 from the periphery, and flows towards the 

 heart. But this false theory had become so 

 mixed up with the explanation of fever and 

 of inflammation that it acquired the au- 

 thority of a dogma, which it was dangerous 

 to attack. HELMHOLTZ Popular Lectures, 

 lect. 5, p. 211. (L. G. & Co., 1898.) 



895. DOGMAS ONCE IDENTIFIED 

 WITH RELIGION Christianity Not Shaken 

 by Their Overthrow. We of the present 

 time can only wonder at the obstinacy with 

 which the self-styled " orthodox " have clung 

 to the idea that the world with its living 

 inhabitants was created in six successive 

 days of the year 4004 B. C., the Creator 

 resting from his labors on the seventh ; that 

 our own terrestrial globe is the fixed center 

 of the universe sun and moon, stars and 

 planets, revolving around it every twenty- 

 four hours ; that not more than 6,000 years 

 have elapsed since man was first called into 

 being; and that the Noachian deluge ex- 

 tended over the whole globe and destroyed 

 all the animals then living on its surface, 

 except the few pairs that found a refuge in 

 the ark. As each of these positions has been 

 successively impugned by scientific research, 

 theologians have raised the cry that the 

 foundations of Christianity were being un- 

 dermined ; and yet they have now, tacitly if 

 not openly, agreed to abandon them all, as 

 ancient traditions altogether destitute of 

 historical value. That theology has gained 

 and not lost by this abandonment, I do not 

 suppose that any one now doubts. CARPEN- 

 TER Nature and Man, lect. 15, p. 410. (A., 

 1889.) 



896. DOGMATISM OF SCIENTIST 



Experience to Prove Matter Eternal. Cre- 



ation in the former sense, as the coming into 

 existence of matter, does not concern us here 

 at all. This process, if indeed it ever took 

 place, is completely beyond human compre- 

 hension, and can therefore never become a 

 subject of scientific inquiry. Natural sci- 

 ence teaches that matter is eternal and im- 

 perishable, for experience has never shown 

 us that even the smallest particle of matter 

 has come into existence or passed away. 

 HAECKEL History of Creation, vol. i, ch. 1, 

 p. 8. (K. P. & Co., 1899.) 



897. DOGS INSEPARABLE AND UNI- 

 VERSAL COMPANIONS OF MEN 

 Since the discovery of flint tools in the su- 

 perficial formations of many parts of the 

 world, all geologists believe that barbarian 

 men existed at an enormously remote period; 

 and we know that at the present day there 

 is hardly a tribe so barbarous as not to have 

 domesticated at least the dog. DARWIN 

 Origin of Species, ch. 1, p. 16. (Burt.) 



898. DOGS MADE OBJECTS OF 

 WORSHIP Wild Dogs of European Extrac- 

 tion Native Dogs of South America. In 

 the pampas of Buenos Ayres the traveler 

 meets with European dogs, which have be- 

 come wild. They live gregariously in holes 

 and excavations, in which they conceal their 

 young. When the horde becomes too nu- 

 merous, several families go forth, and form 

 new settlements elsewhere. The European 

 dog barks as loudly after it has become wild 

 as does the indigenous American hairy 

 species. Garcilaso asserts that, prior to the 

 arrival of the Spaniards, the Peruvians had 

 a race of dogs called Perros gozques; and 

 he calls the indigenous dog Allco. In order 

 to distinguish this animal from the Euro- 

 pean variety, it is called in the Qquichua 

 language Runa-allco, Indian dog, or dog of 

 the natives. The hairy Runa-allco appears 

 to be a mere variety of the shepherd's dog. 

 It is, however, smaller, has long yellow- 

 ochery colored hair, is marked with white 

 and brown spots, and has erect and pointed 

 ears. It barks continually, but seldom bites 

 the natives, however it may attack the 

 whites. When the Inca Pachacutec, in his 

 religious wars, conquered the Indians of 

 Xauxa and Huanca (the present valley of 

 Huancaya and Jauja), and compelled them 

 by force to submit to the worship of the 

 sun, he found that dogs were made the ob- 

 jects of their adoration, and that the priests 

 used the skulls of these animals as wind-in- 

 struments. It would also appear that the 

 flesh of this canine divinity was eaten by the 

 believers. HUMBOLDT Views of Nature, p. 

 85. (Bell, 1896.) 



899. DOING, VALUE OF Contrast 

 with Mere Saying Determines Character 

 (Matt, vii, 24-29). The most colossal im- 

 provement which recent years have seen in 

 secondary education lies in the introduction 

 of the manual training-schools; not because 

 they will give us a people more handy and 



