Individuality 

 Industry 



SCIENTIFIC SIDE-LIGHTS 



334 



ing on the secret storehouse of his own 

 consciousness, with which a stranger must 

 not intermeddle. To cast doubt on a per- 

 son's memory is commonly resented as an 

 impertinence, hardly less rude than to ques- 

 tion his reading of his own present mental 

 state. Even if the challenger professedly 

 bases his challenge on the testimony of his 

 own memory, the challenged party is hardly 

 likely to allow the right of comparing testi- 

 monies. He can in most cases boldly assert 

 that those who differ from him are lacking 

 in his power of recollection. The past, in 

 becoming the past, has, for most people, 

 ceased to be a common object of reference; 

 it has become a part of the individual's own 

 inner self, and cannot be easily dislodged or 

 shaken. SULLY Illusions, ch. 10, p. 232. 

 (A., 1897.) 



1634. INDIVIDUALITY, STRONG, IN 

 CAT TRIBE Cats Never Hunt in Packs. 

 Cats never hunt in packs as dogs and wolves 

 do, and rarely pursue their prey in open 

 ground, but spring upon it from some 

 hiding-place. They are mostly nocturnal, 

 and the greater number, especially of the 

 smaller kinds, habitually live in trees. Mi- 

 VART Types of Animal Life, ch. 8, p. 226. 

 (L. B. & Co., 1893.) 



1635. INDIVIDUALITY, VARYING 

 ASPECTS OF Men Discriminate between 

 Their Own Different Selves One's " Fame " 

 and " Honor." A man's fame, good or bad, 

 and his honor or dishonor are names for 

 one of his social selves. The particular so- 

 cial self of a man called his honor is usually 

 the result of one of those splittings of which 

 we have spoken. It is his image in the eyes 

 of his own " set " which exalts or condemns 

 him as he conforms or not to certain re- 

 quirements that may not be made of one in 

 another walk of life. Thus a layman may 

 abandon a city infected with cholera ; but a 

 priest or a doctor would think such an act 

 incompatible with his honor. A soldier's 

 honor requires him to fight or to die under 

 circumstances where another man can apolo- 

 gize or run away with no stain upon his 

 social self. A judge, a statesman, are in 

 like manner debarred by the honor of their 

 <;loth from entering into pecuniary rela- 

 tions perfectly honorable to persons in 

 private life. Nothing is commoner than to 

 liear people discriminate between their dif- 

 ferent selves of this sort: "As a man I 

 pity you, but as an official I must show you 

 no mercy; as a politician I regard him as 

 an ally, but as a moralist I loathe him," 

 etc., etc. JAMES Psychology, vol. i, ch. 10, 

 p. 294. (H. H. & Co., 1899.) 



1636. INDUCTION AND DEDUC- 

 TION MUST COMBINE No Single Method 

 Leads to Truth. We must welcome as one 

 of the most fortunate steps in the direction 

 of a solution of the great cosmic problems 

 the fact that of recent years there is a grow- 

 ing tendency to recognize the two paths 

 which alone lead thereto experience and 



thought, or speculation to be of equal value 

 and mutually complementary. Philosophers 

 have come to see that pure speculation 

 such, for instance, as Plato and Hegel em- 

 ployed for the construction of their idealist 

 systems does not lead to knowledge of re- 

 ality. On the other hand, scientists have 

 been convinced that mere experience such 

 as Bacon and Mill, for example, made the 

 basis of their realist systems is sufficient 

 of itself for a complete philosophy. For 

 these two great paths of knowledge, sense- 

 experience and rational thought, are two dis- 

 tinct cerebral functions; the one is elabo- 

 rated by the sense-organs and the inner 

 sense-centers, the other by the thought-cen- 

 ters, the great " centers of association in the 

 cortex of the brain," which lie between the 

 sense-centers. True knowledge is only ac- 

 quired by combining the activity of the 

 two. HAECKEL Riddle of the Universe, ch. 

 1, p. 18. (H., 1900.) 



1637. INDUCTION GIVES A LAW 

 Deduction Supposes a Case Experiment 

 Furnishes the Test. To acquire [scientific] 

 foreknowledge of what is coming, but of 

 what has not been settled by observations, 

 no other method is possible than that of 

 endeavoring to arrive at the laws of facts 

 by observations ; and we can only learn them 

 by induction, by the careful selection, col- 

 lation, and observation of those cases which 

 fall under the law. When we fancy that we 

 have arrived at a law the business of deduc- 

 tion commences. It is then our duty to de- 

 velop the consequences of our law as com- 

 pletely as may be, but in the first place only 

 to apply to them the test of experience, so 

 far as they can be tested, and then to de- 

 cide by this test whether the law holds, and 

 to what extent. This is a test which really 

 never ceases. HELMHOLTZ Popular Lectures, 

 ser. ii, lect. 5, p. 226. (L. G. & Co., 1898.) 



1638. INDUCTION RECOGNIZED BY 

 ARISTOTLE Rules Given Only for Deduc- 

 tion. Altho the duality of the complex oper- 

 ation whereof induction is the first and de- 

 duction the second half, as well as the espe- 

 cial necessity for the inductive part, was 

 recognized by Aristotle both in actual dec- 

 larations and by his unwearied industry in 

 collecting facts; altho, moreover, he per- 

 ceived that all science or theory must rest 

 upon this foundation as a whole, neverthe- 

 less he devotes himself only to the analysis 

 and to the formulating of the rules of the 

 deductive part. Thus it was, as Grote points 

 out, that science afterwards became disjoined 

 from experience and was presented as con- 

 sisting in deduction alone, while everything 

 not deduction became degraded into unscien- 

 tific experience. PARK BENJAMIN Intellec- 

 tual Rise in Electricity, ch. 2, p. 39. (J. 

 W., 1898.) 



1639. INDULGENCE, EXCUSES FOR 

 Mental Ingenuity in Finding Reasons for 

 Wrong-doing Fault Must Be Branded with 

 the Name "Being a Drunkard." Where, 



