12 THE FISHERIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



upon, with a living coat of the greenest of all greens for there is not sunlight enough there to ripen any 

 perceptible tinge of ocher-yellow into il so green that it gives a deep blue tint to gray noonday shadows, 

 contrasting pleasantly with the varying russets, reds, lemon-yellows, and grays of the lichen-covered rocks, and 

 the brownish purple of the wild wheat on the sand dune tracts in autumn, together, also, with innumerable blue, 

 yellow, pink, and white phreiiogamous blossoms, everywhere interspersed over the grassy uplands and sandy flats. 

 Occasionally, on looking into the thickest masses of verdure, our common wild violet will be found, while the 

 phloxes are especially bright and brilliant here. The flowers of one species of gentian, Gcntiana verna, are very 

 marked in their beauty; also those of a nasturtium, and a creeping pea- vine on the sand-dunes. The blossom of 

 one species of the pulse family is the only one here that emits a positive, rich perfume; all the others are more 

 suggestive of that quality than expressive. The most striking plant in all the long list is the Archangelica 

 tfficinalis, with its tall seed-stalks and broad leaves, which grows first in spring and keeps green latest in the fall. 

 The luxuriant rhubarb-like stems of this uuibellifer, after they have made their rapid growth in June, are eagerly 

 sought for by'the natives, who pull them and crunch them between their teeth with all the relish that we experience 

 in eating celery. The exhibition of ferns at Kammiuista, St. Paul, during the summer of 1872, surpassed anything 

 that I ever saw : I recall with vivid detail the exceedingly tine display made by these crenulated and waving fronds, 

 as they reared themselves above the rough interstices of the rocky ridges. From the fern roots, and those of the 

 gentian, the natives here draw their entire stock of vegetable medicines. This floral display on St. Paul is very 

 much more extensive and conspicuous than that on St. George, owing to the absence of any noteworthy extent of 

 warm sand-dune country on the latter island. 



When an unusually warm summer passes over the Pribylov group, followed by an open fall and a mild winter, 

 the Elymus ripens its seed, and stands like fields of uncut grain, in many places along the north shore of St. Paul 

 and around the village, the snow not falling enough to entirely obliterate it; but it is seldom allowed to flourish to 

 that extent. By the end of August and the first week of September of normal seasons, the small edible berries 

 of Empetrum nigrum and Rubus cliamccmorus are ripe. They are found in considerable quantities, especially at 

 "Zapaduie", on both islands, and, as everywhere else throughout the circumpolar latitudes, the former is small, 

 watery, and dark, about the size of the English or black currant; the other resembles an unripe and partially 

 decayed raspberry. They are, however, keenly relished by the natives, and even by the American residents, being 

 the only fruit growing upon the islands. 



AGRICULTURE AND ITS POSSIBILITIES. A great many attempts have been made, both here and at St. 

 George, to raise a few of the hardy vegetables. With the exception of growing lettuce, turnips, and radishes on 

 the island of St. Paul, nothing has been or can be done. On St. George, on the south shore, and at the foot of a 

 mural blufl', is a little patch of ground of less than one-sixteenth of an acre, that appears to be so drained and so 

 warmed by the rarely-reflected sunlight from this cliff, every ray of which seems to be gathered and radiated from 

 the rocks, as to allow the production of fair turnips; and at one season there were actually raised potatoes as large 

 as walnuts. Gardening, however, on either island involves so much labor and so much care, with so poor a return, 

 that it has been discontinued. It is a great deal better, and a great deal easier, to have the "truck" come up once 

 a year from San Francisco on the steamer. 



INSECTS. There is one comfort which nature has vouchsafed to civilized man on these islands. There are very- 

 few indigenous insects. A large flesh-fly, Bombylim major, appears during the summer and settles in a striking 

 manner upon the backs of the loafing natives, or strings itself in rows of millions upon the long grass-blades which 

 nourish over the killing grounds, especially on the leaf-stalks of the Elymus, causing this vegetation, on the whole 

 .slaughtering-field and vicinity, to fairly droop to earth as if beaten down by a tornado of wind and rain. It makes 

 the landscape look as though it had molded in the night, and the fungoid spores were blue and gray. Our common 

 house-fly is not present; I never saw one while I was up there. The flesh-flies which I have just mentioned never 

 came into the dwellings unless by accident: the natives say they do not annoy them, and I did not notice any 

 disturbance among the few animals which the resident company had imported for beef and for service. 



Thin, again, this is perhaps the only place in all Alaska where man, primitive and civilized, is not cursed by 

 mosquitoes. There are none here. A gnat, that is disagreeably suggestive of the real enemy just referred to, flits 

 about in large swarms, but it is inoffensive, and seeks shelter in the grass. Several species of beetles are also 

 numerous here. One of them, the famous green and gold "carabus", is exceedingly common, crawling everywhere, 

 and is just as bright in the rich bronzing of its wing-shields as are its famous prototypes of Brazil. One or two 

 upecies of Ichneumon, a Cymindift, several representatives of the Aph'uUphaga, one or two of Dytiscidcc, three or 

 four Cicindelidfc these are nearly all that I found. A single dragon-fly, Perla bicauflata, flitted over the lakes and 

 ponds of St. Paul. The, to our eyes, familiar form of the bumble-bee, Bombus borealis, passing from flower to 

 flower, was rarely seen; but a few are here resident. The Hydrocoriace occur in great abundance, skipping over the 

 Avater in the lakes and pools everywhere, and a very few species of butterflies, principally the yellow Nymphalida;, 

 are represented by numerous individuals. 



LAND MAMMALS. Aside from the seal-life on the Pribylov islands, there is no indigenous mammalian creature, 

 Avith the exception of the blue and white foxes, Vulpes lagopus, "and the lemming, Mi/odes obcnsis. The latter is 



