108 45. COMPOSITE. 



b. Fr. attached obliquely. Anthers scarcely tailed. 



* Pappus in many roivs of different lengths; inner row longest, 

 longer than the fruit. 



28. SERRATULA. Heads dioecious by abortion. Phyll. sharp, 

 unarmed. Scales of the receptacle split longitudinally into 

 linear bristles. Fr. compressed, not beaked; basal scar 

 oblique. Pappus persistent. 



** Pappus in many rows, unequal; second row longest, equal to 

 or shorter than the fruit; rarely none. 



29. CENTAUREA. Anthers with papillose filaments. Recep- 

 tacle chaffy. Fr. attached laterally above the base to the 

 receptacle. Pappus hairlike, rarely 0. 



c. Fr. with a transverse basal scar. Pappus in many rows, 



equal, long. . -Anth. scarcely tailed. 



30. OXOPORDUM. Receptacle honeycombed. Fr. 4-ribbed. 

 Pappus rough. Otherwise like Carduus. 



31. CARDUUS. Phyll. simple, spinous, pointed. Receptacle 

 with fimbriate scales. Fr. compressed, oblong. Pappus 

 long, hairlike or feathery, united into a ring at the base and 

 deciduous. Includes Cnicus Linn, and Cirsium DO. 



d. Fr. with a transverse basal scar. Pappus in many rows. 

 Filaments monadelphous, glabrous. Anth. scarcely tailed. 



32. MARIANA. Phyll. leaflike at the base, narrowed into 

 a long spreading spiuous point. Receptacle scaly. Fr. 

 compressed, its terminal scar surrounded by a papillose ring. 

 Pappus hair- or scale-like, united into a ring at the base, 

 deciduous. 



Suborder III. CICHORIACE^ or LIGULIFLOR/E. 



Flowers all ligulate and perfect. Juice milky. 



* Pappus 0. Receptacle ivithout scales. 



33. LAPSANA. Heads 8 12-flowered. Phyll. in 1 row, 

 erect, with 4 5 short bracts at their base. Fr. com- 

 pressed, striate, deciduous, not enveloped in the phyllaries. 



