34 



branches and young trees can be calculated by counting such 

 whorls, allowance being of course made in the case of stems 

 for the number of years required before the first whorl is formed 

 on the seedling. There are, however, exceptions and unusual 

 conditions may cause the development of more than one whorl 

 in the year, but it is important to note this as an example 

 of what may be done by carefully watching the development of 

 different species. Bud scales are sometimes metamorphosed 

 leaves. If we examine an opening bud of Aesculus indica we 

 find that, while the outermost scales remain dry and fall off, 

 some of the inner scales begin to grow and those which grow 

 the most very closely resemble normal leaves. Figs. 1 8, 

 Plate VIII, give a series of such scales removed from an open- 

 ing bud which clearly shows the bud -scales to be normal leaves 

 which have been arrested in their development and made to 

 function as a protective covering to the other young leaves. 

 Fig. 2, Plate VII, shows a young shoot developing from the 

 bud of Carpinus viminea, and in this case the bud-scales are 

 seen to be stipules, the inner scales being situated one on 

 each side of a leaf petiole just as are normal stipules. The 

 bud-scales of species of Ficus are also found to be stipules and 

 in Stephegyne parvifolia the large interpetiolar stipules act as 

 bud-scales, see Fig. 9, Plate VIII. All the buds which are 

 lormed on a plant do not necessarily develop ; in many cases a 

 farge number remain dormant for long periods and develop only 

 under exceptional circumstances, such as when neighbouring 

 buds, or young shoots, are destroyed, such resting buds are 

 termed dormant buds. 



Usually there is only one bud in each leaf axil, but not 

 infrequently there are additional buds situated on each side of, 

 or above, the true axillary bud ; these are termed accessory 

 buds. In some cases these are obviously only the lowest 

 buds of a normal axillary shoot, which, at first sight, appear 

 to spring directly from the parent stem, owing to the lower 

 nodes of the axillary shoot remaining very short. 



In Prinsepia utilis there is frequently an accessory bud 

 which develops into a spine and serves as a protection to the 

 axillary bud below it, see Fig. 10, Plate VIII. Buds which arise 

 outside of the leaf -axil are termed extra-axillary. 



Buds vary greatly in size, shape, colour, in the number of 

 their external scales and other characters which are useful for 

 identifying deciduous trees and shrubs in the forest. 



In the Plane, Platanus, the buds are found to be complete- 

 ly covered by the hollow base of the petiole and only become 



