112 



(2) Heterostyly. In some plants it is found that all the 

 flowers on some individuals have stamens and styles 

 of different lengths from those in the flowers of other 

 individuals of the same species. These plants and 

 flowers are .said to be heterostyled. In species of 

 Primula the flowers are dimorphic, or of two forms. 

 The flowers on some individuals have short styles 

 with the anthers situated above them at the throat 

 of the corolla, and those on other plants have long 

 styles with the stigma at the throat of the corolla 

 and the anthers below them, deep in the corolla 

 tube. Other plants exist which have trimorphic 

 flowers, some with long, some with short, and 

 others with medium-sized styles, with the anthers 

 also arranged at corresponding heights in different 

 flowers, the stigma and anthers of the same height 

 never occurring on one and the same plant. 

 In such plants it is found that full fertility is only obtained 

 when the stigma is fertilised by the pollen taken 

 from anthers standing at a corresponding level 

 (i.e. by pollen taken from the flowers of another 

 plant). All other crosses are termed illegitimate 

 and are found to be more or less sterile, i.e. very few 

 seeds are produced as a result of them and if seeds 

 are produced there is less chance of healthy plants 

 developing from them than in the case of a legiti- 

 mate cross. As the anthers and stigmas standing 

 at the same level in different flowers must come in 

 contact with the same part of the bodies of the insects 

 which visit them, cross-fertilisation is more or less 

 frequently insured, while self -fertilisation is not 

 prevented. Several heterostyled plants occur in 

 India, e.g. Reinwardtia trigyna and Woodfordia ftori- 

 bunda. 



(3) Mechanical arrangements. As illustrations of the truly 

 remarkable mechanisms found in various flowers two 

 plants have been selected, viz. Salvia lanata and 

 Berberis Lycium, both of which are common in 

 Jaunsar. For illustrations to compare with the 

 following accounts see Plate XIV. 

 Fertilisation 101. In Salvia lanata the 



corolla is divided into two obvious lips, the lower lip 

 forming a convenient landing-place for insects, while the 

 upper, helmet-shaped lip rises above it like a hood. Nectar 



