MAGNOLIACE^E. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 15 



in Acta. Pistils 1-8, forming dry dehiscent pods in fruit. Perennials, with 

 2 - 3-ternately-divided leaves, the leaflets cut-serrate, and white flowers in elon- 

 gated wand-like racemes. (Name from cimex, a bug, and fugo, to drive away; 

 the Siberian species being used as a bugbane.) 



1. MACR6TYS, Raf. Pistil 1, sometimes 2-3: seeds smtvth, flattened and 

 packed horizontally in the pod in two rows, as in Actffia : stigma broad and flat. 



1. C. racemosa, Ell. (BLACK SNAKEROOT.) Racemes very long; 

 pods ovoid, sessile. Rich woods, Maine and Vermont to Michigan, and south- 

 ward. July. Plant 3 - 8 high, from a thick knotted root-stock : the racemes 

 in fruit becoming l-2 long. 



i 2. CIMICIFUGA, L. Pistils 3-8: seeds flattened laterally, covered with 

 cliaffy scales, and occupying one row in the membranaceous pods : style awl-sliaped: 

 stigma minute. 



2. C. Americana, Michx. (AMERICAN BOGBANE.) Racemes slen- 

 der, panicled ; ovaries mostly 5, glabrous ; pods stalked, flattened, veiny, 6-8- 

 seeded. Mountains of S. Pennsylvania and southward throughout the Alle- 

 ghanies. Aug. Plant 2 - 4 high, more slender than No. 1. 



Ai>6Nis AUTUMNALIS, L., the PHEASANT'S EYE of Europe, has been found 

 growing spontaneously m Western New York, and in Kentucky, but barely es- 

 caped from gardens. 



NIGELLA DAMASCENA, L., the FENNEL-FLOWER, which offers a remark- 

 able exception, in having the pistils partly united into a compound ovary, so as 

 to form a several-celled pod, grows nearly spontaneously around gardens. 



P-S6NIA, the PJ2ONT, of which P. OFFICINALIS is familiar in gardens, forms 

 a sixth tribe of this order, distinguished by a leafy persistent calyx, and a fleshy 

 disk surrounding the base of the follicular pistils. 



ORDER 2. MAGNOLIACE^:. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 



Trees or shrubs, with the leaf-buds sheathed by membranous stipules, poly- 

 petalous, hypogynous, polyandrous, polygynous ; the calyx and corolla colored 

 al&e, in three or more rows of three, and imbricated in the bud. Sepals 

 and petals deciduous. Stamens in several rows at the base of the recep- 

 tacle : anthers adnate. Pistils many, mostly packed together and covering 

 the prolonged receptacle, cohering with each other, and in fruit forming a 

 sort of fleshy or dry cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, anatropous : albu- 

 men fleshy : embryo minute. Leaves alternate, not toothed, marked with 

 minute transparent dots, feather-veined. Flowers single, large. Bark 

 aromatic and bitter. There are only two Northern genera, Magnolia and 

 Liriodendron. 



1. MAGNOLIA, L. MAGNOLIA. 



Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Stamens with very short filaments, and long anthers 

 opening inwards. Pistils aggregated on the long receptacle and coherent in a 

 mass, together forming a fleshy and rather woody cone-like red fruit , each car- 



