RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 169 



the Coffee and Peruvian-Bark trees), tropical, divided into two suborders. 

 To these, in our Flora, it is convenient to append a third for a few plants 

 which are exactly Rubiaceae except that the calyx is free from the ovary. 



SUBORDER I. STELLATE. THE TRUE MADDER FAMILY. 



Leaves whorled, with no apparent stipules. Ovary entirely coherent 

 with the calyx-tube. Coralla valvate in the bud. Chiefly herbs. 



1. GALIUM. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4- (or rarely 3-) parted. Fruit twin, 2-seeded, separatum 



into 2 indehiscent carpels. 



SUBORDER II. CINCHONEJ3. THE CINCHONA FAMILY. 



Leaves opposite, or sometimes in whorls, with stipules between them. 

 Ovary coherent with the calyx-tube, or its summit rarely free. 



* Ovules and seeds solitary hi each cell. 

 t- Flowers axillary, separate. Fruit dry when ripe. Herbs. 



2. SPERMACOCE. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form : lobes 4. Fruit separating when ripe 



into 2 carpels, one of them closed, the other open. 

 8. DIODIA. Fruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and indehiscent carpels. 



i- -t- Flowers hi a close and round long-peduncled head. Fruit dry. Shrubs. 

 4. CEPHALANTHUS. Corolla tubular : lobes 4. Fruit inversely pyramidal, 2 -4-fleeded. 



+- i- +- Flowers twin ; their ovaries united into one. Fruit a berry. 

 6 MITCHELLA. Corolla funnel-form ; its lobes 4. A creeping herb. 



* # Ovules and seeds many or several in each cell of the pod. 



6. OLDENLAXDIA. Lobes of the corolla and stamens 4, or rarely 5. Pod loculicidaL 



SUBORDER III. LOGANIE^. THE LOGANIA FAMILY. 



Leaves opposite, with stipules -between them. Ovary free from the ca- 

 lyx. Corolla valvate or imbricated in the bud. 



7. MITREOLA. Corolla short. Ovary and pod mitre-shaped or 2-beaked ; the 2 short stylet 



separate below, but at first united at the top. Seeds many. 



8. SPIGELIA. Corolla tubular-funnel-form. Style 1. Pod twin, the 2 cells few-seeded. 



9. POLYPREMUM. See Addend. 



SUBORDER I. STELL.ATJE. THE TRUE MADDER FAMILY. 



1. GAUUUI, L. BEBSTRAW. CLEAVERS. 



Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla 4-parted, rarely 3-parted, wheel-shaped. Sta- 

 xaens 4, rarely 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit dry or fleshy, globular, twin, separat- 

 ing when ripe into the 2 seed -like, indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels. Slender 

 herbs, with small cymo.se flowers, square stems, and whorled leaves : the roots 

 often containing a red coloring matter. (Name from yaXa, milk, which some 

 species are used to curdle.) 



* Annual : haves about 8 in a whorl: peduncles 1 -2-jloicered, axillary. 



1. O. Apariiie, L. (CLEAVERS. GOOSE-GRASS.) Stem weak and 

 reclining, bristle-prickly backwards, hairy at the joints ; leaves lanceolate, taper- 

 ing to the base, short-Dointed, rough on the margins and midrib (V-2 r long) , 



