45. COMPOSITE. 167 



cated, unarmed. Receptacle scaly. Pappus in 2 rows, 

 outer of short rough bristles, inner feathery . 



25. CARLINA. Florets all herm., tubular. Phy 11. imbricated, 

 outer lax leaflike spinose, inner linear membranous coloured 

 and resembling a ray. Receptacle with cleft scales. Pappus 

 in 1 row, branched and feathery, connected into a ring below. 



26. ARCTIUM. Involucre globose. Phyll. imbricated, termi- 

 nating in hooked points. Receptacle flat, with rigid subu- 

 late scales. Fr. compressed, oblong. Pappus short, pilose, 

 distinct. 



b. Anthers without bristles. 



* Pappus in many rows of different lengths ; inner row longest, 



longer than the fruit. 



27- SERRATULA. Heads dioecious by abortion. Phyll. im- 

 bricated, sharp, unarmed. Scales of the receptacle split 

 longitudinally into linear bristles. Fr. compressed, not 

 beaked, basal areola oblique. Pappus persistent. 



** Pappus in many rows unequal j second row longest, equal to 

 or shorter than the fruit, rarely none. 



* 28. CENTAUREA. Anthers with papillose filaments, in volucrq 



imbricated. Receptacle chaffy. Fr. attached laterally above 

 the base to the receptacle. Pappus pilose, rarely 0. 



*** Pappus in many rows, equal, long. 



29. ONOPORDUM. Receptacle honey-combed. Fr.4-ribbed. 

 Pappus rough. Otherwise like Carduus. 



30. CARDUUS. Involucre imbricated with simple spinous 

 pointed scales. Receptacle with fimbriated scales. Fr. com- 

 pressed, oblong, with a somewhat fleshy terminal areola. 

 Pappus long, pilose or plumose, united into a ring at the base 

 and deciduous. Includes Cnicus Linn, and Cirsium DC. 



**** p a pp us i n many rows. Filaments monadelphous. 



31. SILYBUM. Involucre imbricated; scales leaflike at the base, 

 narrowed into a long spreading spinous point. Receptacle 

 scaly. Fr. compressed, its terminal areola surrounded by a 

 papillose ring. Pappus pilose, united into a ring at the base, 

 deciduous. 



Suborder III. CICHORIACE M. 

 Florets all ligulate and perfect. 



