170 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY 



summer pears, autumn pears, and winter 

 pears. Each one of these groups is next 

 divided into four parts, according to the form 

 of the fruit viz., oblate pears, round or 

 roundish pears, longish pears (those which 

 average one-fourth longer than broad), and 

 long pears. This gives twelve groups. Each 

 of these is next subdivided into three orders, 

 according to color viz., green or yellow pears, 

 colored pears, and russeted pears. Each of 

 these orders is further split up into three 

 sub-orders, according to the form of the 

 calyx viz., open calyx, closed calyx, decidu- 

 ous calyx.* 



This arrangement may be summarized as 

 follows: 



I. Season summer, autumn, winter. 

 II. Form oblate, round, longish, long. 



III. Color uncolored, colored, russeted. 



IV. Calyx open, closed, deciduous. 



Outlining this for the first class summer 

 pears we can still more easily see the scope 

 of the classification. When carried out in 

 full it divides the pears into 108 groups. 



* On this point the translation is purposely inexact, with the 

 intention of making the plan more intelligible. The German 

 literally is as follows: () regular, star-shaped calyx; (b) erect, 

 leafy calyx; (c) incomplete, trumpet-shaped, or absent calyx. 



