INTRODUCTION 



be included under carcmoma, but neither Celsus nor 

 Pliny says anything about internal cancer, though 

 this was known to Hippocrates [Apkorisjtis VI. 38). 



Podagra presents a probleni to the translator. 

 " Gout " is really too narrow an equivalent, for 

 podagra and chiragra were used of any pain in the 

 joints of the feet and hands. Usually, however, our 

 gout is meant, unless Dr. Spencer is right when he 

 says (Celsus I. 464) that chronic lead poisoning, which 

 presents the symptoms of gout, may have been 

 common at Rome owing to the extensive use of lead 

 water-pipes. 



Two terms are very troublesome to the translator 

 — opist kotonus ' and ortkopnoea, and a third, augina. 

 is ahnost equally so. The diseases concerned are 

 discussed by Celsus in IV. 6, I, IV. 8, I and IV. 7, 1. 

 These are translated by Dr. W. G. Spencer as 

 follows : — 



(a) " There is, however, no disease more distress- 

 ing, and more acute, than that which by a sort of 

 rigor of the sinews, now draws down the head to the 

 shoulder-blades, now the chin to the chest, now 

 stretches out the neck straight and immobile. The 

 Greeks call the first opisthotonus, the next empros- 

 thotonus, and the last tetanus, although some with 

 less exactitude use these terms indiscriminately." — 

 IV. 6, I. 



[b) " There is also in the region of the throat a 

 malady which amongst the Greeks has different 

 names according to its intensity. It consists alto- 

 gether in a difficulty of breathing ; when moderate 

 and without any choking, it is called dyspnoea; 

 when more severe, so that the patient cannot breathe 



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