BOOK XXXV. IV. 13-V. 16 



rountenance of him who once used it. The Cartha- 

 ginians habitually made both shields and statues 

 of gold, and camed these with them : at all events 

 Marcius, who took vengeance for the Scipios in 

 Spain,<* found a shield of this kind that belonged to 

 Hasdrubal, in that generaVs camp when he captured 

 it, and this shield was hung above the portals of the 

 temple on the Capitol till the first fire. Indeed it is S3 b.o. 

 noticed that our ancestors felt so Httle anxiety 

 about this matter that in the 575th year of the city, 179 b.g. 

 when the consuls were Lucius Manhus and Quintus 

 Fulvius, the person who contracted for the safety 

 of the Capitol, Marcus Aufidius, informed the 

 Senate that the shields which for a good many 

 censorship periods past had been scheduled as made 

 of bronze ^ were really silver. 



V. The question as to the origin of the art of origins oj 

 painting is uncertain ^' and it does not belong to the ^^'^'"''"^- 

 plan of this work. The Egyptians declare that it 

 was invented among themselves six thousand years 

 ago before it passed over into Greece — which is 

 clearly an idle assertion. As to the Greeks, some 

 of them say it was discovered at Sicyon, others in 

 Corinth, but all agree that it began with tracing an 

 outline round a man's shadow ^ and consequently 

 that pictures were originally done in this way, 

 but the second stage when a more elaborate method 

 had been invented was done in a single colour and 

 called monochrome,* a method still in use at the 

 present day. Line-drawing was invented by the 

 Egyptian Philocles or by the Corinthian Cleanthes, 



^ Cf. VII, 205. A. Rumpf, Journ. oj FJellenic St. LXVII, 10 S. 



^ But study of extant ancient art refutes this idea. 

 ' See §§ 29, 56. 



271 



