SEEDS AND FRUITS 177 



The membrane which lines the cavity of the cells 

 containing the seed corresponds to the pod of a pea 

 m being the wall of the ovary, and the flesh is de- 

 rived from the calyx and perhaps a part of the stalk. 

 The calyx and stamens are seen adhering to the flesh 

 in half-grown fruits. 



Examine the seed with respect to its coats and 

 methods of germination. 



The fruit of the apple attracts animals by the 

 food which it offers them, and in the use of this 

 fruit the seeds would be carried some distance from 

 the parent tree. This method operated both with 

 regard to man and lower animals in earlier times. 

 Later, since man has developed the art of improving 

 or increasing its fruit-bearing capacity in order to 

 derive still more benefit from it, the apple has 

 had a very peculiar history. The edibility of its 

 fruit has still been the attractive feature, and this 

 has secured the wide dissemination of the apple, 

 not by the seeds which the fruit contains, but it has 

 induced man to propagate it by means of cuttings. 

 The cuttings are sometimes grown directly in the 

 soil, as in other forms discussed in a previous para- 

 graph. By a method of grafting, or causing a shoot 

 of one tree to adhere and grow to the body of 



