86 
ength of the Sandhill 40 inches. As specimens intermediate in size are not uncommon, 
differentiation of the species is not always easy; and both forms may occur in eastern 
Canada. Another Crane, the Whooping Crane Grus americana, found in the west, has 
occasionally occurred in eastern Canada, but its pure white colour, or white washed with 
rust colour, black primaries, and extremely large size—50 inches—make it easy of recogni- 
tion. 
Field Marks. Bare forehead coloured dull reddish, flight with neck outstretched in- 
stead of folded, and more upland habits. 
Nesting. In wet marshy places, nest of waste vegetable matter. 
Distribution. Western Canada, breeding within the bounds of cultivation and north- 
ward. 
The Sandhill Crane appears to have been a more common visitor v 
eastern Canada, the Great Lakes region at any rate, in the early days than 
at present. It is now only a rare straggler east of the prairie proviner 
though a few individuals still nest in southern Michigan and it is not im} 
sible that a few may still be found occasionally in adjoining parts of Ontaic . 
Economic Status. 'Too rare in eastern Canada to have any economic 
importance. Though a more graminivorous feeder than the Herons and 
occasionally visiting cultivated ground in numbers in the migration season, 
it does little damage; for in the spring it comes early and in autumn it 
takes only waste grain. The insect part of its food is large. 
SUBORDER—RALLI. SMALLER MARSH BIRDS. 
As regards Canada, this suborder, comprising the Rails, Gallinules, 
and Coots, may be called Smaller Marsh Birds, as compared with the 
larger Grues. They are not heron-like in form and cannot possibly be con- 
fused with the Cranes either in shape, habit, or size. Of this suborder 
only one family Rallide occurs in eastern Canada. 
FAMILY—-RALLIDA. RAIL-LIKE BIRDS. 
General Description. Toes long and slender for the purpose of covering a large area of 
soft uncertain footing. The pedal characters are somewhat like those of the shore Birds 
but the hind toe is as long and well developed as the others and inserted on a level with 
them instead of being slightly elevated. In this respect they resemble the Herons, but can 
be distinguished from them by their unheron-like build and their feathered lores. 
They are typical marsh birds, skulking in the long grass and reeds, 
running swiftly over yielding masses. of half-floating vegetation, and 
preferring to hide rather than fly on the approach of danger. They all 
swim, some habitually and others on occasion. The family is divided 
into three subfamilies: Rallus, the true Rails; Gallinuline, Gallinules or 
Mud Hens; and Fulicine, Coots. 
Subfamily—Rallus. True Rails. 
General Description. Very flat-bodied birds, compressed laterally, adapted for slipping 
between close growing reeds and grasses; wings small, rounded, and comparatively weak; 
the whole structure of the bird is loose, giving the flexibility needed by habit and habitat, 
but not adapted for prolonged or strenuous effort. 
Distinctions. Most easily recognized by negative characteristics: rail-like birds as 
described above that are neither Gallinules nor Coots; without the frontal shield on fore- 
head of those birds (Figures 25 and 26, p. 22). 
Field Marks. Rails rise from the grass at one’s feet with a loose, feeble flight, legs 
dangling and neck outstretched. They rise with evident and hurried difficulty, fly weakly 
a short way over the marsh, and then suddenly collapse into it again. 
