110 
mistaking them. They are circumpolar in distribution and are found in both the Old 
and New Worlds. Like many other Arctic forms they extend well southward along mount- 
ain ranges where elevation carries northern conditions to lower latitudes. The Red Grouse 
of Scotland is an interesting Ptarmigan that has lost its ability to change to white in winter 
and retains its summer coloration throughout the year. There are two species in eastern 
Canada. Owing to the remarkable variability of the species, American Ptarmigan have 
been split up into a great number of subspecies only to be distinguished by a specialist 
with abundant material for comparison. Economically the Ptarmigan are of little import- 
ance eae as a source of food supply to trappers, hunters, and prospectors in the far 
north. 
301. Willow Grouse. WILLOW PTARMIGAN. FR.—LAGOPEDE DES SAULES. Lagopus 
lagopus. L, 15. In winter, all white except the tail which is pure black. In summer, 
nearly evenly barred all over in black and various shades of brown, ochre, and rusty. Hither 
rust or ochre may predominate. 
Distinctions. In winter the all white head and absence of black line through eye 
distinguishes this from the Rock Ptarmigan. In summer, its superior size, especially well 
shown by a comparison of the bills, is the most easily recognized point of identification. 
Distribution. The Arctic, across the continent, migrates south in winter to the frontier 
of civilization. 
SUBSPECIES. The subspecies occurring over most of Canada is the type form, 
the Willow Ptarmigan. Another, Allen’s Ptarmigan L. 7. alleni, occurs in Newfoundland. 
302. Rock Ptarmigan. FR—LA LAGOPEDE DES ROCHERS. Lagopus rupestris. 
L, 13. In winter, all white except a black tail and line through eye to base of bill. In 
summer, very similar to preceding species. 
Distinctions. In winter, black eye line. In summer, size, especially of bill, when 
compared with Willow Grouse is diagnostic. 
Distribution. The Arctic, across the continent, in winter slightly more northern than 
the previous species. 
SUBSPECIES. Three subspecies of Rock Ptarmigan are recognized in eastern 
Canada: Reinhardts Ptarmigan L. r. reinhardti in the northern extremity of Ungava, 
Welsh’s Ptarmigan L. r. welchi in Newfoundland, and the type form, the Arctic Ptarmigan, 
in the remaining areas. 
305. Prairie Chicken. PRAIRIE HEN. PINNATED GROUSE. T'ympanuchus ameri- 
canus. L, 18. A Grouse of the same size as the Ruffed, coloured in shades of 
brown, light ochre, and white, but without the long fan-shaped tail and with 
the soft ruff replaced by a few long, straight, stiff feathers pointed downward over the 
shoulders. The barring on the underparts and breast is clear and sharp and is continued 
across the back and upper parts as well as below. 
Distinctions. The above points easily distinguish this species from the Ruffed 
Grouse. From the next species, the Sharp-tailed Grouse, it can be as certainly distin- 
guished by its breast barred instead of covered with V-shaped markings. Other distinc- 
tions are the presence of long stiff feathers on the sides of the neck and the stiff tail not 
ending in a point when closed. 
SUBSPECIES. Two subspecies of Prairie Chicken are recognized. The form 
which occurs in Canada is the type race, the Northern Prairie Chicken. 
This is the true Prairie Chicken of the western prairies, though in 
western Canada the name is popularly and incorrectly given to the next 
species described. It is included here only because an occasronal bird 
has been taken in the southern parts of Ontario, to which it seems to have 
spread from the Michigan side of Detroit river where, once common, . 
it is now rare and restricted to a few localities. Within the memory of the 
present generation in parts of the west it has gradually encroached upon 
and displaced the next species. 
Economic Status. Too rare in eastern Canada to require much dis- 
cussion here. In the west where it occurs in numbers it is of considerable 
economic importance, but no damage can be charged against it. 
