124 
Distinctions. The Golden Eagle is altogether different from the adult Bald Eagle, 
but very similar to the juvenile. It can, however, in all plumages be identified by its 
feathered tarsus, the latter species having at all times bare, bright yellow legs. 
Nesting. On clifis, rock ledges, or in trees. 
Distribution. Over the temperate region of both hemispheres. In America, it ranges 
over all the north country excepting the northern extreme, extending south into Mexico 
in the western plains and mountains and down along the high lands of the east. Practically 
only a straggler in the Great Lakes region. 
The Golden Eagle is too rare in eastern Canada to receive more than 
passing mention here. It is a magnificent bird and having less of the 
scavenger and robber in its nature it fits the popular conception of the 
king of birds better than does its close relative the Bald Eagle. 
Economic Status. The economic view of this bird must be largely 
affected by local conditions. It feeds principally on mammals and its 
large size allows it to take those of considerable weight. Most of its food 
is naturally wild stock—ground-hogs, rabbits, and rodent pests—but 
newly-born animals are taken on opportunity. In the western sheep 
country the depredations of numbers of Golden Eagles may be serious, 
but are never so in the east. Fortunately the species is too rare in eastern 
Canada to cause strong objection to it; in fact to see an average of a single 
bird a year would be rather remarkable. Therefore, the occasional presence 
of one of these magnificent birds in the east can be looked for with pleasure 
rather than alarm. On occasion the species devours carrion, but does not 
seem to depend upon it as its relative the next species does. 
352. Bald Eagle. AMERICAN EAGLE. WHITE-HEADED EAGLE. FR.—L’AIGLE A TETE 
BLANCHE. Haliwetus leucocephalus. L, 32-85. The adult is dark brown with white head, 
neck, and tail. The juvenile is all brown with more or less suggestion of the coming white, 
depending upon age. < 
Distinctions. Though very similar in juvenile plumage to the Golden Eagle, the 
unfeathered yellow legs will always identify it. 
Field Marks. The Eagle outline and great size are quite characteristic when one is 
familiar with them. The great hooked bill, the culmen which projects in a straight line 
with the crown and fills the whole of the forehead are plainly visible and quite recogniz- 
able. The white of the head and tail are unmistakable recognition marks for the adult 
and on account of the large scale of the details the juvenile can be told from the Golden 
with greater ease than would naturally be expected. The golden-tawny of the upper neck 
of the Golden is often quite conspicuous though absent on the Bald. The somewhat 
whitish or mottled tail of the Golden shows from below a dark terminal tip, in perceptible 
contrast with the base, from 2 to 4 inches deep depending on age; whereas the tail of the 
juvenile Bald is all dirty white with little or no distinct terminal band but presenting an 
aspect of even mottling at all stages. Any Eagle observed in eastern Canada should be 
tentatively identified as of this species unless there are definite and positive reasons for 
declaring it as Golden. 
Distribution. Over the whole of the United States and Canada except the extreme 
Arctic coasts. 
SUBSPECIES. The Bald Eagle is divided into two subspecies, only one of which, 
the Northern Bald Eagle H. 1. alascanus, is known to occur in Canada. The typical race 
is of more southern distribution. 
Though the Golden Eagle is typically an inhabitant of the mountains 
and high lands, the Bald Eagle is a bird of the water side and is seldom 
found far from that element. Though once a typical species of the eastern 
landscape it is yearly growing rarer, until now in most localities the sight 
of one is an event of some importance. The Bald Eagle is a harmless 
species. The damage it does is very small and as a characteristic wild 
feature of our lake landscape this picturesque bird should be preserved. 
