183 
There are indications that the Purple Martin is growing fewer in 
numbers. Old colonies from time to time are broken up and few new 
ones take their places. The Martins return to their summer quarters 
very early in the spring and at times suffer severely from late frosts and 
cold rains which stop the flight of insects and deprive them of the necessary 
large and constant amount of food. 
Economic Status. The Martin like the other Swallows is a bird with 
no bad habits, and with so many good ones that every effort should be 
made to aid its increase. 
612. Cliff Swallow. EAVE SWALLOW. MUD SWALLOW. FR.—L’HIRONDELLE A 
FRONT BLANC. Petrochelidon lunifrons. L, 6-01. Similar in general coloration to the 
Barn Swallow (Plate XXXVI A), but different in detail and without the !ong, 
deeply forked tail. 
Distinctions. Throat, richer in colour and more reddish brown than that of the 
Barn Swallow; the brown colour extending in a narrow band across the back of the neck 
and with a black spot in the middle of lower throat instead of a broken black bar 
across breast. Forehead sharply contrasting creamy white instead of reddish. Rump 
light reddish. Below, dull white. Tail, almost square. 
Field Marks. The white forehead and reddish rump make the best field marks. 
The square tail will separate it from all Barn Swallows except juveniles which have not 
yet grown the fork. 
Nesting. A typical nest is built entirely of mud carried in little pellets in the bill and 
on the feet. The mud is mixed with saliva and plastered pellet by pellet on the wall 
under the eaves of some building. The nest is first a shelf built out from the wall, then 
saucer-shaped and then cup-shaped, in any of which states it may be left as finished. 
In the best examples the sides are continued until the nest assumes the shape of a round 
flask with the neck drawn over and pointing outwards. 
Distribution. America. In eastern Canada to well north of civilization. 
SUBSPECIES. Thesubspecies of the Cliff Swallow occupying most of North America 
and all of Canada is the Eastern Cliff Swallow P. l. lwnifrons, the type form of the species. 
Originally a cliff dweller as the name implies, within the confines of 
civilization this Swallow now nests almost entirely on barns and other 
buildings. It is often of rather local distribution, different colonies 
nesting in many cases in widely separated groups of farm buildings. 
613. Barn Swallow. FR.—L’HIRONDELLE DES GRANGES. Hirundo erythrogastra. 
L, 6:95. Plate XXXVI A. 
Distinctions. Broken black bar across the chest beneath the reddish throat, black 
rump, and, in adult, long forked tail are distinctive of the species. 
Field Marks. Rufous tints beneath and black rump are good field marks; also, 
in the adult the long forked tail and in juveniles the white in the tail. 
Nesting. The nest is far from being the beautiful structure the Cliff Swallow builds. 
It is largely made of mud mixed with grasses, lined with grass and feathers, and set on a 
support such as a rafter or beam; but often the slightest projection will be utilized as a 
foundation upon which to build. Some farmers ensure the presence of the birds about 
the place and induce them to nest where they will be unobjectionable by furnishing small 
supports for their nests close under the eaves of their barns or inside where they will be 
sheltered but can do no damage. 
Distribution. America. Probably not quite as northern as the preceding species. 
This is the Swallow commonly nesting in barns and outbuildings. 
It not only builds under the eaves but enters the building and occupies 
the interior. Its long ‘‘swallow tail’’ assists in making it perhaps the 
most graceful of all the Canadian swallows. 
_ 614. Tree Swallow. WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW. FR.—LE HIRONDELLE BICOLORE. 
Tridoprocne bicolor. L, 5:90. Plate XXXVI B. : 
