199 
In the winter this species is confined within a limited oceanic island 
habitat and is an instance of the difficulties in the way of abnormally 
increasing the numbers of native species. It is evident that we can never 
have in the north a greater number of Kirtland’s Warblers than can live 
through the winter on the Bahama islands. 
671. Pine Warbler. FR.—LA FAUVETTE DES PINS. Dendroica vigorsi. , 5-52. 
A dull green warbler, the green changing to dull yellow on throat and breast with greyish 
or brownish wings and tail and faint wing-bars; in high plumage rarely becoming fairly 
bright yellow on throat and breast. There is little sexual or seasonal change. 
Distinctions. Very similar to the Yellow-throated Vireo but greener in colour and 
with the yellow below stronger and more extensive. The white abdomen is inconspicuous. 
The bill is lighter and warbler-like instead of being stout, hooked, and of Vireo type. From 
the Yellow Warbler it can be separated by its duller colour and the contrast between its 
wings and tail and body. Its preference for pine trees is at least suggestive of its identity. 
Field Marks. A dull green warbler, yellow on breast with greyish brown wings, white 
wing-bars. Canadian specimens are usually somewhat soiled and bedraggled in appear- 
ance. Almost invariably found in pine trees. 
Nesting. In pine trees 10 to 80 feet above the ground, in nest of strips of bark, leaves, 
plant fibres, etc. 
Distribution. Eastern North America, west to the prairies and north to the limits of 
the pine wocds; breeding in Canada mostly beyond settlement. 
The preference for pines, which this bird shows, is striking. It is 
rarely, if ever, found away from them. In consequence, it is likely to have 
its plumage more or less soiled with pitch which gives it a dull and worn 
appearance. Bright, clean birds of this species are rare with us. 
672. Palm Warbler. FrR.—LA FAUVETTE A COURONNE ROUSSE. Dendroica palmarum. 
L, 5-25. A dull or greenish warbler. Male: all underparts bright or suffused yellow; cap 
reddish-chestnut. The breast and flanks are streaked more or less with rufous and a yellow 
eyebrow line contrasts with dark cheeks and red cap. Females similar but colour 
subdued. Juveniles and autumn birds are greyish brown above; buff below with faint 
streaks, almost white on throat and suffused with distinct yellow increasing to pure 
yellow on undertail coverts. There is a blended yellowish rump patch in all plumages. 
Distinctions. The yellow underparts and red cap are unmistakable in all spring birds. 
In autumn the vaguely striped underparts, brown back, and yellow undertail coverts are 
distinctive. 
Field Marks. The habitual, sandpiper-like upward jerk of the tail will distinguish this 
from all other warblers with yellow underparts except the Prairie Warbler. The bright 
yellow confined to the undertail coverts, light throat, and vaguely striped buff breast of the 
juveniles will assist in separation of the species from comparable forms. 
Nesting. On or near the ground in boggy ground or sphagnum barrens in nest of 
coarse grass, lined with fitted feathers. 
Distribution. Eastern North America west to the prairies and north to near tree 
limits; breeding mostly beyond the bounds of civilization. The Yellow Palm Warbler is of 
eastern distribution west to the eastern Ontario boundary. The Interior Palm Warbler 
occupies the remainder of eastern Canada. 
SUBSPECIES. The Palm Warbler is divided into two subspecies, the type form, the 
Interior Palm Warbler D.p. palmarum, distinguished in adult spring plumage from the 
Yellow Palm Warbler D.p. hypochrysea by the smaller amount of yellow and the reduced 
brilliancy of the underparts which are slightly tinged with greyish. The two forms, how- 
ever, are too similar to separate without specimens of both for comparison. 
A ground-haunting bird. On migration to be looked for in low, 
scrubby, and sandy wastes. In breeding season in mossy bogs. 
673. Prairie Warbler. Dendroica discolor. L, 4-75. A green and yellow warbler. 
Throat, cheeks, and all underparts of male bright yellow; a black line through the eye, a 
black wedge below the ear coverts, and a succession of black lines along the sides of the 
breast and flanks. Middle of back has a saddle of reddish spots. Female similar but 
occasionally almost or quite without the reddish on back. Juveniles similar but colours 
