LEAVES AND BUDS. 147 



form a rosette. The leaf-scars are small and triangular, 

 with numerous bundle-scars ; the lenticels are small. 



Examine a bud and notice that it begins with a few tiny thick scales 

 at the base ; then come about twenty thinner scales, arranged in five 

 rows and becoming more delicate, as well as narrower, as they pass 

 inwards. Then come the young foliage-leaves ; the outer ones are very 

 small, each being flat and standing between two stipules, while the 

 inner ones are larger and folded along the midrib (conduplicate) ; and 

 finally come small ones again in the centre of the bud. Careful 

 examination shows that the bud-scales, after the two lowest, are 

 arranged in pairs ; this fact suggests that these scales are stipules, and, 

 by observing the opening of the bud and also the way in which the bud 

 is formed, one can prove that this is the case. Towards the end of 

 the summer the last leaf-structures to be formed are stipules, which 

 become the outer bud-scales. The buds open in May. 



As a rule, the lower resting-buds on a twig remain dormant, and do 

 not open in the spring of the year succeeding that in which they are 

 formed. The Oak is a light-loving tree and tends to have its leaves in 

 rosettes at the tips of the branches so as to catch as much light as 

 possible. Taking the case of a complete flower-containing bud, as soon 

 as the bud-scales become loosened the male catkins, which arise in the 

 axils of the upper bud-scales, grow out first and hang downwards, then 

 come foliage-leaves (each with a young resting-bud in its axil), then 

 leaves with groups of female flowers in their axils, and then again 

 leaves with axillary buds. 



ISO. Scots Pine or "Scotch Pir " (see Art. 377). 

 Each twig (Fig. 52) shows, as a rule, an end-bud with a few 

 (usually 3 or 4) side-buds just below it and forming an 

 apparent whorl. One or more of the side-buds may be 

 replaced by a seed-cone (Fig. 52s). The buds open about 

 the middle of May. 



Examine a bud and note the very numerous (100 or more) scales, 

 covered with whitish resin and arranged spirally. Each scale (except 

 the lowest ones) bears in its axil a small bud, so that the resting-bud 

 of a Pine is clearly a " compound bud " a bud of buds. The lowest 

 scales (those without axillary buds) are hard and remain at the base of 

 the young shoot into which the resting-bud grows. Each of the other 

 scales is at first green below and membranous above, with pointed tip 

 and fringed edges, but when the resting-bud opens the base of the 

 scale hardens and the upper part falls off. 



The axillary buds on the "compound " resting-bud are the buds of 

 the dwarf shoots which are so characteristic of Pines. Each bears 

 about ten scale-leaves which form a sheath around two young foliage- 

 leaves ("needles"), set face to face. 



When the resting-bud unfolds, the pairs of green needles emerge 

 from the axils of the scales as the shoot grows out ; the needles grow 



