410 TREES AND SHRUBS. 



2. Mention ten woody plants, either native or introduced into this 

 country, which have evergreen leaves, distinguishing between the 

 native and the introduced species. What is the general difference 

 between the leaves of evergreen and deciduous woody plants ? Can 

 you give a reason for the difference ? 



3. Give the names and distinguishing characters of two evergreen 

 shrubs selected from each of the following groups : (1) Conifers ; (2) 

 Monocotyledons ; (3) Dicotyledons with free petals ; (4) Dicotyledons 

 with united petals. 



4. Why does the normal branching of a tree follow its leaf arrange- 

 ment ? What is the arrangement in Apple, Gooseberry, Lime, Birch, 

 and Lilac respectively ? What influence has the formation of a terminal 

 flower bud upon the subsequent growth of a shoot ? 



5. Explain as clearly as you can how plants heal their wounds. 

 What are the conditions that favour the healthy healing of cut 

 surfaces ? 



6. How are pruning- wounds healed ? How can the act of healing 

 be encouraged and materially helped by the operator ? 



7. Make diagrams of the relation of " leaf-buds " and " fruit-buds " 

 in any fruit- tree with which you are familiar, and also of the shoots 

 produced by each. How can you distinguish the two kinds of bud 

 before they open ? 



8. What is the object and what do you suppose is the physiological 

 effect of " pruning " fruit-trees ? What are the conditions that favour 

 the production of flowers in trees ? 



9. It is necessary, in order to be successful in any grafting opera- 

 tion, to bring together (at least at some part of the junction) a 

 particular kind of tissue found in the stem, both of the stock and 

 the scion. What particular tissue is this, and why is it of so much 

 importance in grafts ? 



10. What are the essential conditions of success in the progress of 

 grafting ? Give reasons for your answer. 



11. What are the conditions that favour the successful striking of a 

 cutting, and why ? There are certain differences in treatment between 

 woody cuttings and herbaceous ones. Mention these differences and 

 give reasons for same. 



12. Why is it that herbaceous cuttings require light, while woody 

 cuttings may be grown, at least for a considerable time, in darkness ? 



13. Why is a moist atmosphere for the first few days helpful, and 

 after that harmful, to most herbaceous cuttings ? 



