Xll 



CONTENTS. 



VI. 



CONSIDERATION OF CARBON COMPOUNDS, OR ORGANIC 

 CHEMISTRY. 



PAGE 



37. Introductory remarks. Elementary analysis. 



Definition of organic chemistry Elements entering into or- 

 ganic compounds General properties of organic compounds 

 Difference in the analysis of organic and inorganic substances 

 Qualitative analysis of organic substances Ultimate or elementary 

 analysis Determination of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, 

 sulphur, and phosphorus Determination of atomic composition 

 from results obtained by elementary analysis Empirical and 

 molecular formulas Rational, constitutional, structural, or 

 graphic formulas .......... 236-245 



38. Constitution, decomposition, and classification of 



organic compounds. 



Radicles or residues Chains Homologous series Types 

 Substitution Derivatives Isomerism Metamerism Polymer- 

 ism Various modes of decomposition Action of heat upon or- 

 ganic substances Dry or destructive distillation Action of 

 oxygen upon organic substances Combustion Decay Fermen- 

 tation and putrefaction Action of chlorine, bromine, nitric acid, 

 alkalies, dehydrating and reducing agents upon organic sub- 

 stances Classification of organic compounds .... 245-259 



39. Hydrocarbons. 



Occurrence in nature Formation of hydrocarbons Properties 

 Paraffine or methane series Coal, coal-oil, petroleum Illumi- 

 nating gas Coal-tar Olefines Benzene series or aromatic hydro- 

 carbons Volatile or essential oils Camphors Resins . . 259-267 



40. Alcohols. 



Constitution of alcohols Occurrence in nature Formation 

 and properties of alcohols Monatomic normal alcohols Methyl 

 alcohol Ethyl alcohol Alcoholic liquors Wines, beer, spirits 

 Amyl alcohol Glycerine Phenoles 267-274 



41. Aldehydes. Haloid derivatives. 



Aldehydes Trichloraldehyde Chloral hydrate Chloroform 

 lodoform 274-278 



42. Monobasic fatty acids. 



General constitution of organic acids Occurrence in nature 

 Formation of acids Properties Fatty acids Acetic acid Vine- 

 gar Reactions for acetates Acetate of potassium, sodium, zinc, 

 iron, lead, and copper Valerianic acid and its salts Oleic acid . 279-287 



43. Dibasic and tribasic organic acids. 



Oxalic acid, oxalates, and analytical reactions Tartaric acid ; 

 analytical reactions Potassium tartrate Potassium-sodium tar- 

 trate Antimony-potassium tartrate Action of certain organic 

 acids upon certain metallic oxides Scale compounds Citric acid ; 

 analytical reactions Citrates Lactic acid ..... 287-295 



