THE NON-METALS. 



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State of aggregation. 



Under ordinary conditions the non-metals show the following 



states : 



Gases. 



Hydrogen, Can scarcely be 

 Oxygen, L converted into 

 Nitrogen, J liquids. 

 Chlorine, Easily liquefied. 

 Fluorine, ? 



Liquids. 



B. P. 



Bromine, 63 



Solids. 



F. P. 



Phosphprus, 44 

 Iodine, 107 



Sulphur, 111 

 Carbon, , 



Boron, ! l n f us ible. 

 Silicon, J 



B. P. 



280 



175 



400 



Occurrence in nature. 



a. In a free or combined state. 



Carbon in coal, organic matter, carbon dioxide, carbonates. 

 Nitrogen in air, ammonia, nitrates, organic matter. 

 Oxygen in air, water, organic matter, most minerals. 

 Sulphur chiefly as sulphates and sulphides. 



b. In combination only. 



Boron in boric acid and borax. 



Bromine in saline springs and sea- water as bromide of magnesium, etc. 



Chlorine as chloride of sodium in sea-water, etc. 



Fluorine as fluoride of calcium, fluorspar. 



Hydrogen in water and organic matter. 



Iodine as iodides in sea- water. 



Phosphorus as phosphate of calcium, iron, etc., in bones. 



Silicon as silicic acid or silica, and in silicates. 



Time of discovery. 



Sulphur > Long known in the elementary state ; recognized as elements in 

 Carbon J the latter part of the eighteenth century. 

 Phosphorus, 1609, by Brandt, of Germany. 

 Chlorine, 1770, by Scheele, of Sweden. 

 Nitrogen, 1772, by Rutherford, of England. 



Oxygen, 1774, by Priestley, of England, and Scheele, of Sweden. 

 Hydrogen, 1781, by Cavendish, of England. 

 Boron, 1808, by Gay-Lussac, of France. 

 Fluorine, 1810, by Ampere, of France. 

 Iodine, 1812, by Courtois, of France. 

 Silicon, 1823, by Berzelius, of Sweden. 



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