380 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 



quantities in normal urine that their detection, separation, and 

 quantitative estimation are very difficult, and almost exclusively 

 attempted during scientific investigations. 



QUESTIONS. 



521. What is urine, where and by what process is it formed in the 

 animal body, and what is its function ? 



522. Mention the general physical and chemical properties of urine. 



523. Give the average composition of human urine, and state by 

 what conditions the composition is influenced. 



524. State the composition and properties of urea. 



525. By what process is urea formed in the animal body, and how 

 can it be obtained artificially ? 



526. Describe a process by which urea may be estimated quantita- 

 tively in urine. 



527. In what forms is uric acid found in urine, and what are its 

 properties ? 



528. Describe the murexid test. 



529. How can uric acid be determined quantitatively in urine ? 



530. What is hippuric acid, and by what tests may it be recognized ? 



54. EXAMINATION OF NORMAL AND ABNORMAL 



URINE. 



Points to be considered in the analysis of urine. They are : 



1. Color, odor, general appearance, whether clear, smoky, 

 cloudy, turbid, etc. 



2. Reaction: whether acid, neutral, or alkaline to test-paper. 



3. Specific gravity. 



4. Total amount of organic and inorganic solids. 



5. Total amount of inorganic matter (ash). 



6. Determination of urea. 



7. Determination of uric acid. 



8. Determination of inorganic acids and bases. (Hydro- 

 chloric, sulphuric, and phosphoric acids; sodium, potassium, 

 calcium, magnesium, and iron.) 



9. Determination of albumin. 



10. Determination of sugar. 



11. Examination for bile. 



